Effect of nicotine (0.5–4 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) on areas under the curves (AUC, %vasodilation.nmol) of the cumulative renal vasodilatory effect of acetylcholine (0.01–2.43 nmol), NECA (1.6–50 nmol), and papaverine (1–2.43 nmol) in phenylephrine (10 µM)-preconstricted isolated perfused kidneys obtained from sham rats.

<p>Values are means±S.E.M. of 6–8 observations. ^*P<0.05 vs. saline values.</p

The effects of inhibition of NOS (L-NAME, 100 µM, panel A) and HO (ZnPP, 1 µM, panel B) on vasodilatory effects of acetylcholine (0.01–2.43 nmol) in phenylephrine (10 µM)-preconstricted isolated perfused kidneys obtained from sham rats treated with nicotine (1 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) or equal volume of saline.

<p>The effects of L-arginine (NOS substrate, 100 µM), hemin (HO inducer, 100 µM), or wortmannin (100 nM) are also shown. Panel C shows areas under the curves (AUC, %vasodilation.nmol) of the acetylcholine vasodilatory response. Values are means±S.E.M. of 6–8 observations. ^*P<0.05 vs. saline values, ⁺P<0.05 vs. nicotine values, ^$P<0.05 vs. saline/L-NAME values.</p

Effect of nicotine (1 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) on vasodilatory effects of acetylcholine (0.01–2.43 nmol) in phenylephrine (10 µM)-preconstricted isolated perfused kidneys obtained from sham, or ovariectomized (OVX) rats supplemented with estrogen (OVX/E2), medroxyprogesterone acetate (OVX/MPA), their combination (OVX/E2/MPA), or the vehicle. Values are means±S.E.M. of 6–8 observations.

<p>^*P<0.05 vs. corresponding control values.</p

Effect of nicotine (0.5–4 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) on cumulative vasodilatory effects of acetylcholine (0.01–2.43 nmol), NECA (1.6–50 nmol), and papaverine (1–2.43 nmol) in phenylephrine (10 µM)-preconstricted isolated perfused kidneys obtained from sham rats.

<p>Vasodilator responses are expressed as percentages of the phenylephrine-induced tone. Values are means±S.E.M. of 6–8 observations. ^*P<0.05 vs. saline values.</p

Cumulative vasodilatory effects of acetylcholine (0.01–2.43 nmol) in phenylephrine (10 µM)-preconstricted isolated perfused kidneys obtained from sham, ovariectomized (OVX) rats supplemented with estrogen (OVX/E2), medroxyprogesterone acetate (OVX/MPA), their combination (OVX/E2/MPA), or the vehicle.

<p>Acetylcholine responses are expressed as percentages of the phenylephrine-induced tone. Values are means±S.E.M. of 6–8 observations. ^*P<0.05 vs. OVX values.</p

Effects of L-arginine (NOS substrate), hemin (HO inducer) or mifepristone (progesterone receptor blocker) on the vasodilatory action of acetylcholine (0.01–2.43 nmol) in phenylephrine (10 µM)-preconstricted isolated perfused kidneys obtained from OVX/MPA rats.

<p>Values are means±S.E.M. of 6–8 observations. ^*P<0.05 vs. OVX/MPA values.</p