ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF ALPINIA CONCHIGERA GRIFF (FAMILY: ZINGIBERACEAE)

oai:ojs.www.ajphsci.com:article/15The antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of Alpinia conchigera Griff was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against eleven pathogenic bacteria using ciprofloxacin as standards. In the screening, the methanol extract of Alpinia conchigera Griff showed varying degrees of antibacterial activitiy with zone of inhibition ranging from 8.0-24.5 mm, while the highest antibacterial activity was seen against with Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi & Salmonella paratyphi.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of the methanol extracts was found to be 31.25-125 μg/ml for bacteria species used in the screening.

Role of Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress and Xenobiotics in Carcinogenesis by Environmental Pollutants

Carcinogenesis by many small molecular weight chemicals involves either a direct action of the chemical on cellular DNA or metabolism of the parent chemical to an active or ultimate form, which can than react with cellular DNA to produce a permanent chemical change in a DNA structure. A free radical is an atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electron(s). These are highly reactive species capable of wide spread, indiscriminate oxidation and per oxidation of proteins, lipids and DNA which can lead to significant cellular damage and even tissue and/or organ failure. . Oxidative stress is a leading cause to damage cells by oxidation. The rate at which oxidative damage is induced (input) and the rate at which it is efficiently repaired and removed (output). Xenobiotics are a compound that is foreign to the body. Xenobiotics can produce a variety of biological effects, including pharmacologic responses, toxicity, genes, immunologic reactions and cancer. Oxidative stress is a leading cause to damage cells by oxidation. The rate at which oxidative damage is induced (input) and the rate at which it  is efficiently repaired and removed (output). This communication highlights the role of carcinogens as environmental pollutants with the possible mechanism of free radicals, oxidative stress and xenobiotics

Health care system in bangladesh

Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. The role of pharmacist has shifted from the classical “lick, stick and pour” dispensary role, to being an integrated member of the health care team directly involved in patient care. But, in our country pharmacists are mainly engaged with manufacturing of drugs, which is secondary responsibility of pharmacist

Role of Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress and Xenobiotics in Carcinogenesis by Environmental Pollutants

Carcinogenesis by many small molecular weight chemicals involves either a direct action of the chemical on cellular DNA or metabolism of the parent chemical to an active or ultimate form, which can than react with cellular DNA to produce a permanent chemical change in a DNA structure. A free radical is an atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electron(s). These are highly reactive species capable of wide spread, indiscriminate oxidation and per oxidation of proteins, lipids and DNA which can lead to significant cellular damage and even tissue and/or organ failure. . Oxidative stress is a leading cause to damage cells by oxidation. The rate at which oxidative damage is induced (input) and the rate at which it is efficiently repaired and removed (output). Xenobiotics are a compound that is foreign to the body. Xenobiotics can produce a variety of biological effects, including pharmacologic responses, toxicity, genes, immunologic reactions and cancer. Oxidative stress is a leading cause to damage cells by oxidation. The rate at which oxidative damage is induced (input) and the rate at which it is efficiently repaired and removed (output). This communication highlights the role of carcinogens as environmental pollutants with the possible mechanism of free radicals, oxidative stress and xenobiotics

Aerobic Direct C(sp2)‑H Hydroxylation of 2‑Arylpyridines by Palladium Catalysis Induced with Aldehyde Auto-Oxidation

Herein we present a Pd-catalyzed direct C–H hydroxylation of 2-arylpyridines using molecular oxygen (O₂) as the sole oxidant. The key aspects of the method include: (a) the activation of molecular oxygen with a nontoxic and inexpensive aldehyde; (b) an efficient association of the in situ-generated acyl peroxo radical with palladium catalysis; and (c) convenient operating conditions. On the basis of the results obtained in a series of control experiments, a Pd^II/Pd^IV catalytic cycle is implicated for the transformations. Furthermore, the method offers an easy access to a broad range of substituted 2-(pyridin-2-yl)­phenols in good isolated yields

Second Sphere Interaction Allows Selective Reduction of CO and CO2 to CH4

Reduction of oxides of carbon (CO and CO2) into fixed forms of carbon is desirable to achieve sustainable and clean energy. CO, which is an intermediate in CO2 reduction, is challenging to reduce which, in turn, limits the efficient reduction (both electrochemical and photochemical) of CO2 to 2e-/2H+. Inclusion of distal pyridine residue in the second coordination sphere of iron porphyrin allows reduction of CO (and CO2) to CH4 as the only C1 product using water as the proton source. In-situ spectro-electrochemistry and theoretical modelling indicate that the pendent pyridine moiety imposes a hydrogen bonding interaction between the bound CO and adjacent water molecule which stabilizes two low-valent CO adducts i.e., Fe(I)-CO and Fe(0)-CO porphyrins, preventing its dissociation as a partially reduced CO2 species, allowing its further reduction, via a Fe(II)-CHO species, to CH4. The ability to activate CO via second sphere hydrogen bonding interaction in a mononuclear iron porphyrin opens up newer pathways to reduce both CO and CO2 to valuable C1 products