ડૉ. બલભણુપ્રસાદ શાસ્ત્રીનાં રૂપકોનું સમીક્ષાત્મક અધ્યયન

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The performance appraisal function in selected South African local authorities.

Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1993.In this dissertation a study is undertaken of the performance appraisal function in South African local authorities. Local authorities in South Africa are the third tier of government and are subordinate to the other two tiers, namely, the central and provincial authorities. They are established to render a variety of goods and services to the local community and to contribute to the national goal of community welfare. In the light of changing circumstances in South Africa, communities are becoming more advanced and complex and are placing new demands on local authorities everyday. Therefore, local authorities must ensure that their limited human resources are utilised as efficiently and effectively as possible to achieve an acceptable quality of life for the local community. Thus, municipal personnel administration plays an important role in contributing to the welfare of the local community. Municipal personnel administration comprises of several component activities such as personnel provisioning, support functions, training and development, and personnel utilisation functions. Performance appraisal falls within ambit of the personnel utilisation function and plays a pivotal role in promoting the improved· productivity of municipal personnel. In view of the aforementioned, this study investigates the implementation of the performance appraisal function in South African local authorities. The research was necessitated by the fact that local authority employees make up 14,8 percent of public sector employment and up to 70 percent of a local authority's operating budget is allocated for staff expenditure. Therefore, it is important that local authorities have an efficient and effective work force, and one of the ways this can be achieved is through the implementation of the performance appraisal function. Furthermore, very little research has been undertaken on the performance appraisal function as an activity within municipal personnel administration. Municipal employees must ensure that all activities constituting the performance appraisal function be implemented in terms of the dictates of the generic administrative, management, functional and auxiliary and instrumental activities. They must also adhere to the normative guidelines which have direct bearing on the performance appraisal function, such as legislative supremacy, maintenance of public accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, respect for community values and ethical standards. The study undertaken on the performance appraisal function in South African local authorities is viewed from a theoretical and operational perspective as follows: performance appraisal and municipal administration; theoretical perspectives of the performance appraisal function; nature and content of performance appraisal systems; the performance appraisal function in South African local authorities; and developing an acceptable performance appraisal system for South African local authorities. The performance appraisal systems at local authorities studied, are primarily viewed within an administrative frame of reference. Particular attention is focused on the generic administrative, management, functional and auxiliary and instrumental activities, as well as the normative factors of public administration. The efficient and effective utilisation of municipal personnel resources, especially in regard to their placement, development and promotion through the use of the performance appraisal function, is stressed. In the light of the aforementioned the following recommendations are made: (i) that municipal councils and high-ranking officials give due regard to the importance of the performance appraisal function within the context of municipal personnel administration; (ii) introduction of the performance management and development programme as postulated in chapter 6; (iii) review of performance appraisal on an ongoing basis (at least once a year) within an administrative frame of reference with particular attention to the following: legislative measures; policy directives; organising; financing; staffing; determining systems and procedures; and exercising control; (iv) that supervisors (appraisers) in municipal departments undergo training to implement the appraisal system and to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field; and (v) the creation of a separate department or section to deal specifically with the performance appraisal function

માનસિક ક્ષતિ ધરાવતા રાજ્યકક્ષાએ પસંદગી પામેલ ખેલાડીઓની શારીરિક યોગ્યતા અને શરીરશાસ્ત્ર વિષયક પાસાઓનો અભ્યાસ

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Klasifikasi Tweet terhadap Layanan Customer Care XL Axiata dengan Metode Naïve Bayes dan Random Forest

Customer service merupakan layanan yang wajib dimiliki oleh setiap usaha. Layanan ini diharapkan cepat dan tepat dalam mengatasi permasalahan konsumen. Salah satu media yang dapat digunakan adalah Twitter. Dalam dunia telekomunikasi, perusahaan yang menerapkan hal ini adalah XL Axiata melalui akun @myXLCare. Pada akun tersebut pengguna XL dapat menyampaikan permasalah terkait produk XL yang digunakan. Tanpa adanya batasan waktu dan tempat membuat jumlah aduan dan pertanyaan yang disampaikan menjadi sangat banyak. Hal ini membutuhkan sesuatu yang cepat untuk mengetahui kategori dari aduan atau pertanyaan tersebut. Klasifikasi tweet merupakan metode yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui kategori aduan secara cepat dari sebuah tweet. Metode yang digunakan dalam klasifikasi antara lain adalah Naïve Bayes dan Random Forest. Pada data tweet terdapat kasus imbalance yaitu ketidakseimbangan jumlah tweet antar kategori sehingga dibutuhkan metode untuk menangani hal ini. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique digunakan untuk mengatasi kasus imbalance pada data. Model Random Forest memiliki performa klasifikasi yang lebih baik dari pada Naïve Bayes. Penerapan SMOTE mampu meningkatkan performa klasifikasi Naïve Bayes dengan cukup tinggi. Random forest mampu menangani kasus imbalance dengan baik meskipun tanpa SMOTE. ================================================================================================================================ Customer service is a service that must be owned by every business. This service is expected to be fast and appropriate in overcoming consumer problems. One of the media that can be used is Twitter. Example of companies that implement this is XL Axiata through the @myXLCare account. Through this account, XL users can submit problems related to XL products used. Without the limitation of time and place, the number of complaints and questions submitted becomes very large. This requires something fast to find out the categories related to the complaint or question. Tweets classification is a method that can find out the category of the complaint quickly. The methods used in the classification are Naïve Bayes and Random Forest. In the tweet data, there are cases of imbalance in the number of tweets between categories so that a method is needed to handle this. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique is used to handle an imbalance case in data. The Random Forest model has a better classification performance than Naïve Bayes. The application of SMOTE can improve Naïve Bayes classification performance quite high. The Random Forest is able to handle imbalance data well even without SMOTE

PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI BLIND WATERMARKING PADA CITRA DIGITAL BERBASIS TRANSFORMASI WAVELET DISKRIT MENGGUNAKAN METODE SVD

ABSTRAKSI: Pada Tugas Akhir ini akan dirancang dan diimplementasikan blind watermarking pada citra digital dengan menggunakan SVD dan Transformasi Wavelet Diskrit. Secara umum proses penyisipan dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut. Citra host didekomposisi dengan menggunakan transformasi wavelet. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan dekomposisi nilai singular untuk mendapatkan nilai singularnya. Dari matriks nilai singular yang telah diperoleh, dilakukan penyisipan watermark ke dalam nilai singularnya. Untuk meningkatkan keamanannya, watermark diacak terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan algoritma LCG (Linear Congruential Generator) sebelum dilakukan proses penyisipan.Setelah dilakukan perancangan dan implementasi, sistem tersebut diuji performansinya untuk melihat ketahanannya terhadap attack. Adapun jenis attack yang diuji adalah kompresi JPEG (faktor kualitas: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%), Gaussian Noise (SNR: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, dan 40 dB), rescaling (faktor skala 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 2×), dan rotasi (sudut: 1, 5, 30, 90, 180 derajat).Dari pengukuran yang dilakukan, diperoleh hasil bahwa performansi sistem blind watermarking yang telah dirancang memiliki PSNR lebih dari 40 dB, dengan MOS rata-rata 4,22 untuk teknik menggunakan step size quantization; 4,75 untuk teknik scaling factor menggunakan error correcting; dan 4,94 untuk teknik tanpa error correcting. Sistem watermarking dengan teknik step size quantization tahan terhadap kompresi JPEG, rescaling, dan Gaussian Noise tetapi tidak robust terhadap gangguan rotasi. Sementara itu teknik dengan scaling factor bersifat fragile terhadap semua serangan.Kata Kunci : Blind-Watermarking, Singular Value Decomposition, Transformasi Wavelet, Linear Congruential GeneratorABSTRACT: In this research is designed and implemented blind watermarking to digital images by using SVD and Discrete Wavelet Transform. Generally, embedding process can be explained as follow. Host image decompose into four sub-bands by using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The next process is the selected sub-band decomposes using singular value decomposition to get singular matrix. Next step is embeds watermark information to its singular value. To improve security, watermark image needs to scramble using LCG algorithm before embedding.After designing and implementation process is done, that system is examined to several attack in order to obtain its performance. There are attacks which is tested consists of JPEG Compression (quality factor 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%), Gaussian Noise (SNR: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 dB), rescaling (scaling factor: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 2×), and rotation (angle: 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180 degrees).From measurement using objective and subjective analysis, performance of blind watermarking is good. The fact of watermarked image had mean PSNR more than 40 dB and have mean MOS value 4.22 for step size quantization technique, 4.75 for scaling factor with error correcting technique; and 4.94 for scaling factor without error correcting technique. Using step size quantization for embedding is robust to JPEG compression, rescaling, and Gaussian Noise but have a weak to rotation attack. Beside that, scaling factor technique is fragile to all attack which is examined.Keyword: Blind-Watermarking, Singular Value Decomposition, Wavelet Transform, Linear Congruential Generato

STRATEGI ADAPTASI NELAYAN DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR PELAYARAN DALAM MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN IKLIM (STUDI KASUS: DESA TAMBAKREJO, KECAMATAN SUMBERMANJING, KABUPATEN MALANG)

Perubahan iklim memberikan dampak negatif pada kawasan pesisir Malang selatan yaitu, Desa Tambakrejo, Kecamatan Sumbermanjing, Kabupaten Malang. Dampak perubahan iklim yang terjadi menambah kerentanan wilayah pesisir Desa Tambakrejo dengan munculnya kepanikan nelayan terhadap hasil tangkapan mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan strategi adaptasi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nelayan dalam memilih strategi adaptasi tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer dilakukan melalui survei kuesioner dengan metode wawancara terstruktur seputar pemahaman nelayan terhadap perubahan iklim dan strategi adaptasi yang dilakukan. Kuesioner dilakukan untuk menentukan strategi adaptasi dan faktor-faktor adaptasi yang signifikan, di mana diperoleh dengan menggunakan model logit. Hasil analisa data menunjukkan bahwa nelayan Desa Tambakrejo mengalami perubahan iklim, karena adanya dampak yang ditimbulkan pada saat melaut. Untuk menghadapi dampak tersebut, nelayan Desa Tambakrejo paling banyak melakukan strategi menggunakan teknologi penangkapan ikan terbaru. Faktor-faktor signifikan yang mempengaruhi kemungkinan pemilihan strategi tersebut adalah nelayan yang merasakan adanya perubahan iklim yang menyebabkan nelayan banyak yang sakit. Strategi adaptasi yang lain juga memiliki faktor signifkan yang berbeda. ================================================================= Climate change has given negative impact on the coastal region in south of Malang, especially Tambakrejo Village, Sumbermanjing District, Malang. The impact of climate change has increase Tambakrejo's coastal area vulnerability, shown by a panic behavior of fisherman towards their catches. This study aims to determine the strategy adaptations and the factors that affect fishermen in selecting specific adaptation strategies. This study uses primary data and secondary data. The primary data obtained through survey questionnaireS with interview structured around the understanding of fishermen to climate change and adaptation strategies undertaken. Questionnaires is done to determine adaptation strategies and adaptation factors significantly which is acquired by logit model. The result of data analysis shows that fishermen in Tambakrejo Village experience climate change because of the impacts shown during sailing. To face those impacts, fishermen in Tambakrejo Village mostly use latest technology of fish catching. Significant factor that influences the probability of strategy selection is fishermen feels the climate change that cause many fisherman sick. Other adaptation startegies also have different significant factors

Visual analysis of information world maps: An exploration of four methods

Information researchers increasingly use participatory, arts-based methods to better understand the social contexts of individuals and populations. However, it remains rare to engage in qualitative analysis of the resulting visual artefacts. This article explores approaches to analysing visual media generated through a specific arts-based method, information world mapping (IWM), an interdisciplinary draw-and-talk technique that elicits data about individuals’ social information worlds. Here, we test four approaches to analysing visual media generated through IWM: directed qualitative content analysis (QCA), compositional interpretation, conceptual analysis and visual discourse analysis using situational analysis (SA). QCA was effective in creating an overview of participants’ information practices, yet raised concern regarding interpretive bias. Using an inductive taxonomy for compositional interpretation, we identified genre conventions for IWMs. Conceptual analysis resulted primarily in a reflection of the research procedures and epistemology. SA, while time-consuming, generated a large amount of rich data, including discourses and power relations that were not identified in previous analysis of textual data. In a reversal of our previous stance that cautioned against IWM analysis, we encourage other researchers to consider integrated or secondary visual analysis of IWMs

Pengelolaan Bengkel Tune Up Berbasis Entrepreneurship (PT.LIQUI MOLY Surabaya)

Pada mata kuliah technopreneurship terdapat materi tentang entrepreneur. Entrepreneur adalah orang yang dapat dapat memanfaatkan peluang dari setiap bisnisnya atau orang yang terjun ke dalam suatu bisnis sehingga bisnis yang akan dijalani akan dapat terus bertahan. Pada magang indutri ini mata kuliah ini sangat relevan karena di magang ini dilatih untuk menjadi seseorang yang entrepreneur dengan cara membuka jasa service tune up di Nogogeni Garage. Pada magang ini mahasiswa diharapkan bisa mengelola bengkel tersebut mulai dari memasarkan hingga melakukan tune up. Aktivitas magang industri yang dilaksanakan selama empat bulan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel di bagian lampiran. Pada bagian ini berisi tentang kegiatan magang yang dilakukan setiap hari. Di Nogogeni Garage dibagi menjadi beberapa divisi seperti non teknis dan teknis. non teknis terbagi menjadi manajemen, marketing dan branding. Mahasiswa dibagi sesuai dengan kemampuannya agar lebih maksimal. ===================================================================================================== In the technopreneurship course there is material about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are people who can take advantage of opportunities from each of their businesses or people who go into a business so that the business that will be undertaken will be able to continue to survive. In this industrial internship, this course is very relevant because in this internship you are trained to become someone who is an entrepreneur by opening a service tune up service at Nogogeni Garage. In this internship, students are expected to be able to manage the workshop, from marketing to doing tune-ups. Industrial internship activities carried out for four months are presented in tabular form in the appendix. This section contains the internship activities that are carried out every day. At Nogogeni Garage is divided into several divisions such as non-technical and technical. non-technical divided into management, marketing and branding. Students are divided according to their abilities so that they are maximize

Pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from West Nile virus (WNV)-infected SK-N-SH cells mediate neuroinflammatory markers and neuronal death

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>WNV-associated encephalitis (WNVE) is characterized by increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators, glial cells activation and eventual loss of neurons. WNV infection of neurons is rapidly progressive and destructive whereas infection of non-neuronal brain cells is limited. However, the role of neurons and pathological consequences of pro-inflammatory cytokines released as a result of WNV infection is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the role of key cytokines secreted by WNV-infected neurons in mediating neuroinflammatory markers and neuronal death.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A transformed human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, was infected with WNV at multiplicity of infection (MOI)-1 and -5, and WNV replication kinetics and expression profile of key pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by plaque assay, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. Cell death was measured in SK-N-SH cell line in the presence and absence of neutralizing antibodies against key pro-inflammatory cytokines using cell viability assay, TUNEL and flow cytometry. Further, naïve primary astrocytes were treated with UV-inactivated supernatant from mock- and WNV-infected SK-N-SH cell line and the activation of astrocytes was measured using flow cytometry and ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>WNV-infected SK-N-SH cells induced the expression of IL-1β, -6, -8, and TNF-α in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which coincided with increase in virus-induced cell death. Treatment of cells with anti-IL-1β or -TNF-α resulted in significant reduction of the neurotoxic effects of WNV. Furthermore treatment of naïve astrocytes with UV-inactivated supernatant from WNV-infected SK-N-SH cell line increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and key inflammatory cytokines.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results for the first time suggest that neurons are one of the potential sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines in WNV-infected brain and these neuron-derived cytokines contribute to WNV-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, cytokines released from neurons also mediate the activation of astrocytes. Our data define specific role(s) of WNV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and provide a framework for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs as much-needed therapeutic interventions to limit symptoms associated with WNVE.</p

West Nile Virus and Pattern Recognition Receptors

West Nile Virus (WNV), RNA virus is a member of the flaviviridae family that causes flu like symptoms in infected individuals, however in 1-2% cases, it causes severe neurological diseases such as encephalitis. There is no antiviral or vaccine approved so far to prevent WNV disease, therefore research to understand immune pathology is very important. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) are proteins that are expressed by cells to detect virus infection and play an important role in the innate immune system. When a PRR such as Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) and Nod-Like Receptors (NLR) detects a replicating virus, signals are sent out to warn the body and other neighboring cells that there is a foreign presence within the body. These signals include production of antiviral cytokines and interferons (IFN) that recruit the leukocytes to help fight off the infection. However, it has been discovered that different viruses produce unique cell signals that may act as either a positive and/or negative regulator of the cytokine production and the effectiveness of the immune system. My lab works on understanding the function of two novel innate immune molecules, NLRC5 (a member of NLR family) and TREM-1 (amplifier of inflammation). Therefore, this project will involve WNV infection of mouse immune cells from wild-type mouse and mouse deficient with NLRC5 and TREM-1 and compare specific innate immune markers using real-time RT-PCRs. At the end of my training, I will gain understanding of the research conducted in infectious disease area and will also learn several important techniques