Human Errors Assessment for Board Man in a Control Room of Petrochemical Industrial Companies using the extended CREAM

زمينه و اهداف: از جمله ویژگی‌های مهم صنایع امروزی، کنترل دقیق اغلب اجزای کلیدی صنعت از طریق اتاق‌های کنترل مرکزی است. به همین دلیل بروز خطا توسط پرسنل اتاق‌های کنترل، می‌تواند فاجعه بار باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسايي و ارزيابي خطاهاي انساني در اتاق كنترل يكي از صنايع پتروشيمي به انجام رسيد. مواد و روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر، يك پژوهش مورد پژوهي توصيفي- تحليلي مي‌باشد كه در اتاق كنترل يكي از صنايع پتروشـيمي اجرا گرديد. در این پژوهش ابتدا وظايف شغلي موجود در اتاق کنترل اصلی با استفاده از روش تجزيه و تحليل سلسله مراتبي تحليل شد. سپس با اسـتفاده از روش CREAM گسترده ضمن شناسایی خطاهای انسانی، كنترل‌هاي محتمل كاربر و خطاهاي احتمالي شناختي براي وظايف شغلي تعیین و ارزیابی شد. در طی انجام این مطالعه کلیه موازین اخلاقی رعایت و مجوزهای مربوطه دریافت گردید. يافته‌ها: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که نوع سبك كنترلي برای وظایف بردمن در 88 درصد موارد از نوع استراتژیک و در 12 درصد مابقی از نوع لحظه‌ای بود. براساس نتایج روش CREAM گسترده، از تعداد کل خطاهای شناسایی شده، خطای اجرا (55 درصد)، خطای تفسیر (20 درصد)، خطای برنامه‌ریزی (14/9درصد) و خطای مشاهده (10/1درصد) بدست آمد. نتيجه‌گيری: با توجه به تعیین نقش مهمترین عوامل شکل دهنده عمکلرد در اجرای وظایف بردمن، بازنگری و باز طراحی برنامه نوبت كاري و بهينه سازي سامانه ارتباطي از مهمترین پیشنهادات حاصل از مطالعه حاضر بود.Background and Aims: One of the important characteristic features of modern industries is the precise control of key components of the industry through central control rooms. Thus, committing an error by the control room staff can be catastrophic. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying andevaluating human errors in the control room of one of the petrochemical industries.Materials and methods: The present descriptive-analytic study was conducted in a control room of one of the petrochemical industries. In this research, the job tasks in the main control room were first analyzed using hierarchical analysis. Then, using the extensive CREAM method, in addition to identifying human errors, probabilistic user controls and cognitive probability errors for job tasks were determined andevaluated. All stages of this research were conducted ethically.Results: The results of the study showed that the type of control style for the Board man tasks was strategic in 88% of the cases and the remaining 12% was of the instant type. Based on the results of the CREAM method, execution errors (55%), interpretation errors (20%), planning errors (14.9%) and observationalerrors (10.1%) were respectively the most determined errors.Conclusion: Regarding the determination of the role of the most important factors in the implementation of tasks, the review and redevelopment of the program of shift work and optimization of the communication system were among the most important suggestions of the present study

Identification and assessment of human errors in blasting operations in Iron Ore Mine using SHERA technique

Background & objective: Human errors play a significant role in accident. One of the important operations in mines which were susceptible to human error, is blasting operations. The aim of this study is identification and assessment of human errors in blasting operations in iron ore mine. Methods : Current Study is a qualitative research study in order to identify and assessment human error in a mine blasting operations. With direct observation of activities and documents, sub tasks were selected and analyzed by hierarchical analysis Job (HTA). The results were presented in the form of HTA charts. Types of possible human errors were detected and by using the SHERPA technique were surveyed. Appropriate prevention solutions were then proposed for reducing the risk of errors. Results : The results showed, from total of 42 identified errors, predicted the unacceptable risks are 0.11 , adverse risks are 0.42, acceptable risks with revision are 0.4 and accepted without revision are 0.04. Moreover, percentage types of human errors were included practical errors (0.55) and recovery errors ( 0.14), checking error (0.21), selection errors (0.6) and communication errors ( 0.016). Conclusion : The highest percentage of errors is practical and the lowest percentage of errors is of communication error. To reduce the occurrence of any identified error and limiting the consequences of their, appropriate control measures in the design of checklist , the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, the use of systems Tag Out- Lock Out, efficient education laws and guidelines are effective

Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of novel phenanthroline derivatives: An in vivo study

Objective(s): Due to the rapid increased drug resistance to Plasmodium parasites, an urgent need to achieve new antiplasmodial drugs is felt. Therefore, in this study, the new synthetic phenanthroline derivatives were synthesized with antiplasmodial activity. Materials and Methods: A series of 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives containing amino-alcohol and amino-ether substituents were synthesized via facile procedures, starting with 5,6-epoxy-1,10-phenanthroline. Their antiplasmodial activity was then evaluated using Peter's 4-day suppressive test against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (ANKA strain). Furthermore, the mean survival time of the mice treated with synthetic compounds was compared with the negative control group. Results: The results demonstrated that the compounds 6-(3-(dibutylamino)propylamino)-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline-5-ol (7b) at the dose of 150 mg/kg/day and 4-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yloxy)-N,N-dipropylbutan-1-amine (8b) at the dose of 15 mg/kg/day have 90.58% and 88.32% suppression, respectively. All synthetic compounds prolonged the mean survival time of treated mice in comparison with negative control groups, indicating the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of these new compounds. Conclusion: The present study is the first attempt to achieve new, effective synthetic compounds based on phenanthroline scaffold with the antiplasmodial activity. However, more research is needed to optimize their antimalarial activity

Evaluation of the Correlation between CD44, Tumor Prognosis and the 5-Year Survival Rate in Patients with Oral Tongue SCC

Introduction: 90% of the tumors in the head and neck are squamous-cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which have overall 5- year survival rate between 50% -60%. CD44 has been shown to be associated with the prognosis.  Materials and Methods: Biopsy specimens of 51 patients with oral tongue SCC were evaluated by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the CD44 antibody.  Results: There was no significant correlation between CD44 and survival (P=0.77), age (P=0.4), CD44 and lymph node metastasis (P=0.87), sex (P=0.947), smoking (P=0.287) and tumor size (P=0.813). However, there was significant correlation between smoking and survival.   Conclusion: There are widespread discrepancies among the findings in the literature regarding the prognosis of CD44 expression in OCSCC. Our study shows that the expression of CD44 is not a marker of aggressive behavior in oral tongue SCC. Consequently, CD44 cannot be considered as handy tool to establish the tumor behavior, prognosis and 5- year survival rate of these tumors