3D

© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Fabrication of scaffolds using polymers and then cell seeding is a routine protocol of tissue engineering applications. Synthetic polymers have adequate mechanical properties to substitute for some bone tissue, but they are generally hydrophobic and have no specific cell recognition sites, which leads to poor cell affinity and adhesion. Some natural polymers, have high cell affinity but are mechanically weak and do not have the strength required as a bone supporting material. In the present study, 3D printed hybrid scaffolds were fabricated using PCL and GelMA carrying dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which is printed in the gaps between the PCL struts. This cell loaded GelMA was shown to support osteoinductivity, while the PCL provided mechanical strength needed to mimic the bone tissue. 3D printed PCL/GelMA and GelMA scaffolds were highly stable during 21 days of incubation in PBS. The compressive moduli of the hybrid scaffolds were in the range of the compressive moduli of trabecular bone. DPSCs were homogeneously distributed throughout the entire hydrogel component and exhibited high cell viability in both scaffolds during 21 days of incubation. Upon osteogenic differentiation DPSCs expressed two key matrix proteins, osteopontin and osteocalcin. Alizarin red staining showed mineralized nodules, which demonstrates osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs within GelMA. This construct yielded a very high cell viability, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization comparable to cell culture without compromising mechanical strength suitable for bone tissue engineering applications. Thus, 3D printed, cell loaded PCL/GelMA hybrid scaffolds have a great potential for use in bone tissue engineering applications

Natural Sources and Applications of Demineralized Bone Matrix in the Field of Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

none8siDemineralized bone matrix (DBM) is one of the most widely used materials for bone repair. Recently, different strategies in tissue engineering have been used to improve preparation of biomaterials from natural sources suitable for the use in bone regeneration. However, the application of DBM in tissue engineering is still a challenge, because the mechanical properties which are essential to bear tensile and load and the risk of transmission of disease by donor are still a matter of homework. A solution to this problem is to blend natural and synthetic polymers to complement defects and make them ideal biomaterials. An ideal biomaterial improves survival, adhesion, proliferation, induction, and differentiation of cells in the biomaterial after in vivo transplantation. In this review, we will look at the study of DBM made of natural and synthetic materials giving a direction for future research.noneCho, Hunhwi; Bucciarelli, Alessio; Kim, Wonkyung; Jeong, Yongwoon; Kim, Namyeong; Jung, Junjae; Yoon, Sunjung; Khang, GilsonCho, Hunhwi; Bucciarelli, Alessio; Kim, Wonkyung; Jeong, Yongwoon; Kim, Namyeong; Jung, Junjae; Yoon, Sunjung; Khang, Gilso