COVID-19: Features, clinical course and concerns

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China . So far, 136 reports from the WHO were reported. In the latest report, 6416828 patients in almost all countries have been infected with the COVID-19. The present study discusses the different aspects of COVID such as emergence, signs and symptoms, comparisons with SARS and MERS, concerns, governments' actions in controlling the virus and a descriptive analysis of the spread and death. The emergence of the coronavirus family in the last two decades has created a public health issue around the world. It has also caused serious damages to infrastructure, economy, culture and communities of countries. Thus, affected governments have taken steps to reduce these concerns such as quarantine, education, traffic control, closure of recreational centers, reduction of working hours etc. Despite strict measures to contain the COVID-19, this virus is still expanding and the question of "what actions should be taken with what political package?" is being asked. To answer this question, it is important to understand the process of disease occurrence and modeling different interventions on changing the natural course of the disease is very importan

An Industrial Approach to Production of Tofacitinib Citrate (TFC) as an Anti-COVID-19 Agent: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study

In this report, we have presented our experience about a facile method for synthesis of tofacitinib citrate (TFC). The developed analytical methods for identification and qualifications are also included. As TFC seems to be effective in treatment of the symptoms of COVID-19 (SARS family), manufacturing of this active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) could be helpful. The API of TFC was prepared from the diamine intermediate in an ambient and solvent-free condition. Elimination of the reaction solvent resulted in decreasing the cost and preventing the rejection of the organic volatile impurity (OVI) test. The final citrate addition step was carried out using water as a solvent (the citrate content was 37.5% by potentiometry). Moreover, the results of the Karl-Fischer (KF) titration analysis was about 0.24%, which showed that the use of water does not increase the water content of the crystal structure

Periapical Status and Quality of Root Canal Fillings and Coronal Restorations in Iranian Population

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional survey determined the dental prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in selected Iranian population, and evaluated the influence of the quality of root canal treatment (RCT) and their coronal restorations (CR) on the periapical status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1064 panoramic radiographies were evaluated by two observers during 2009. The quality of RCT i.e. length/density of root fillings and CR in addition to periapical status of endodontically treated teeth were recorded. Their interrelationship was analyzed by Chi-squared, logistic regression and Spearman's rho statistics. Hosmer and Lemeshow tests were used for assessing fitness of logistic regression model and one sample k-s test was used for evaluating of normality of the data. RESULTS: Our results showed that 527 teeth (52%) of the endodontically treated teeth presented with AP radiographically. The percentages of teeth which fulfilled the criteria of an acceptable RCT or CR radiographically were 42.3 and 62.5 respectively. Incidence of AP among teeth with acceptable RCT (29.1%) was significantly lower than those suffering from unacceptable RCT (68.8%) (P<0.001). Moreover, adequate CR demonstrated a significantly better periapical status (58.6%) compared to teeth with inadequate CR (30.3%) (P<0.001). The incidence of AP ranged from 25.6% (good qualities) to 79.5% (bad qualities) (P<0.001). Cases with both unacceptable RCT/CR were 11 times more likely to have AP than cases with acceptable RCT/CR. The quality of RCT and CR were found to impact the periapical health of endodontically treated teeth.CONCLUSION: There are a significant high number of technically unacceptable endodontic and restorative treatments in Iran; therefore considerable efforts are needed to improve the standards of endodontic and restorative treatments

Periapical Status and Quality of Root Canal Fillings and Coronal Restorations in Iranian Population

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional survey determined the dental prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in selected Iranian population, and evaluated the influence of the quality of root canal treatment (RCT) and their coronal restorations (CR) on the periapical status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1064 panoramic radiographies were evaluated by two observers during 2009. The quality of RCT i.e. length/density of root fillings and CR in addition to periapical status of endodontically treated teeth were recorded. Their interrelationship was analyzed by Chi-squared, logistic regression and Spearman's rho statistics. Hosmer and Lemeshow tests were used for assessing fitness of logistic regression model and one sample k-s test was used for evaluating of normality of the data. RESULTS: Our results showed that 527 teeth (52%) of the endodontically treated teeth presented with AP radiographically. The percentages of teeth which fulfilled the criteria of an acceptable RCT or CR radiographically were 42.3 and 62.5 respectively. Incidence of AP among teeth with acceptable RCT (29.1%) was significantly lower than those suffering from unacceptable RCT (68.8%) (P<0.001). Moreover, adequate CR demonstrated a significantly better periapical status (58.6%) compared to teeth with inadequate CR (30.3%) (P<0.001). The incidence of AP ranged from 25.6% (good qualities) to 79.5% (bad qualities) (P<0.001). Cases with both unacceptable RCT/CR were 11 times more likely to have AP than cases with acceptable RCT/CR. The quality of RCT and CR were found to impact the periapical health of endodontically treated teeth.CONCLUSION: There are a significant high number of technically unacceptable endodontic and restorative treatments in Iran; therefore considerable efforts are needed to improve the standards of endodontic and restorative treatments