Optimizing Face Recognition Using PCA

Principle Component Analysis PCA is a classical feature extraction and data representation technique widely used in pattern recognition. It is one of the most successful techniques in face recognition. But it has drawback of high computational especially for big size database. This paper conducts a study to optimize the time complexity of PCA (eigenfaces) that does not affects the recognition performance. The authors minimize the participated eigenvectors which consequently decreases the computational time. A comparison is done to compare the differences between the recognition time in the original algorithm and in the enhanced algorithm. The performance of the original and the enhanced proposed algorithm is tested on face94 face database. Experimental results show that the recognition time is reduced by 35% by applying our proposed enhanced algorithm. DET Curves are used to illustrate the experimental results.Comment: 9 page

Performance Comparison of Handover mechanisms in mobile wireless communication networks for Broadband Wireless Access Systems

Mobility is the mobile communication characteristics which make it diverse and attractive for all. Wireless communication is now attractive to the whole world and provides the ability of users to communicate very active. Transferring the users from one radio network to another is accomplishing the IT. The process is called the handover process. The transfer takes place by adjusting the duration of the soft transfers, the area size and either by cell crossing or by deterioration in the signal quality of the current channel — the brief overview of handover, Handover in WiMAX and LTE, types of handover, handover types solutions, approaches used in literature are typically transfer parameters and I contemporary the convergent fact for continuance in the area of mobile and wireless communication Handover

Handover in a mobile wireless communication network –A Review Phase

Mobility is the features of mobile communication that makes it desirable by all and varied. The whole world is now attractive in wireless communication as it provides users' ability to communicate on-the-go. IT is accomplished by transferring users from a radio network to another. This process is called handover. Handover occurs by adjusting the duration of soft handovers, the size of the areas and either by cell crossing or by deterioration in the signal quality of the current channel — the brief overview of handover, Handover in WiMAX and LTE, types of handover, handover types solutions, usually used handover parameters, some methods employed in the literature and I contemporary the convergent fact for continuance in the area of mobile wireless communication Handover

Acceptance and utilisation of primary health care in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

The provision of health services to all the population is one of the highest priorities in many governments' agenda, because the health system, education and social security are important indicators of the level of development of a state. However, the provision of health services to cover all the population is not easy, particularly in many developing counnies, which lack human and financial resources. In 1978, at Alma - Ata WHO and UNICEF jointly declared the primacy of the primary health care ( PHC) approach for achieving the WHO's social goal, " health for all the people by the year 2000". Since then, PHC has become a major concern on national and international levels. Saul Arabia one of the countries which has adopted and implemented the PHC approach.This study explores the implementation of the PHC approach, the utilisation of health services delivered at the health centres and health awareness in Jeddah, a major urban centre in Saudi Arabia, where public and private health services co-exist and compete, and where traditional medicine is still used and practised. A sample comprising both utilisers of the PHC centres and non- utilisers were questioned about their health practices, beliefs and attitudes, and an attempt was made to determine whether socio- economic and demographic characteristics were significantly related to utilisation and health awareness. No single pattern of attitude or behaviour was found to be consistently related to socio-economic or demographic characteristics. However, the findings indicate the general significance of education.The nature of service provision was found to affect satisfaction and a need was found to improve the quality of the health service and to remove bureaucratic barriers which impede utilisation. Although many aspects of PHC are successfully implemented, there is evidence of misunderstandings of the approach by both consumers and providers, which limits both utilisation and satisfaction. In particular providers and users still prioritises curative above preventive medicine, health education is still neglected, and the potential of the media in this respect is under-exploited.Finally, traditional medicine was found to be used and practised, but the finding; indicate there is not necessarily a conflict between the two systems. They appear to be used in a complementary way, and them may be scope for integration

Tooth size and dental arch dimensions in different types of crowding in Malay population

The aim of this research is compare tooth size and dental arch dimensions between different types of crowding i.e. mild, moderate, and severe crowding, in the Malaysian population. Tooth size parameters under investigation were mesiodistal widths, buccolingual widths and tooth size ratio (Bolton Indexes) and arch dimension parameters were arch perimeters, arch widths, arch depth and arch ratio (Pont’s Indexes). This study was carried out at the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), on a sample involving 192 dental models of male and female subjects with the age range of 18 to 35 years old and no history of previous orthodontic treatment collected from the archive of orthodontic clinic. Scanning were done with Hirox digital stereomicroscope (SM) for the fabrication of the digital models to investigate the tooth size and arch dimensions of both maxillary and mandibular arches for each subject. ANOVA was used to compare tooth size and arch dimensions as well as the Bolton and Pont’s Indexes in different types of crowding.There were only a few measurements of the tooth size and arch dimensions which showed significant difference in different types of crowding. Both Bolton’s and Pont’s indexes also did not show significant difference. In conclusions, tooth size, arch dimensions, Bolton Indexes and Pont’s Indexes were not different in different types of crowding in Malaysian population. The aetiology of crowding were not related to individual tooth sizes and arch dimensions but rather a combination of these factors

PID CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC THROTTLE FOR DRIVE BY WIRE APPLICATION

The importance of electronic throttle in modern automotive engines is obvious. The opening of the throttle blade has to be controlled. This final year project is an attempt to control the opening of the throttle blade to a certain position by tuning the parameters of PID controller. This is to eliminate the disturbances and make the electronic throttle perform more accurately. The purpose of this report is to give an overview on the method chosen to perform the control system analysis of electronic throttle for drive by wire applications. In addition, the report discusses the results obtained and the tuning procedures used to control the opening of the throttle blade. It also shows the initial steps taken in order to develop an electronic throttle control system for the project as well as representing the tools needed to develop the system based on the chosen method. A general review on PID controller and its parameters as well as the H-bridge driver and the procedure analysis is also given in this report

Messenger RNA and protein profiles in familial chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

An inherited risk for developing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is well documented in genetic studies, and familial aggregation of CLL cases has consistently been demonstrated in large registry-based studies. However, genetic linkage studies of CLL families have not detected any high-risk susceptibility genes against a background of numerous low-risk genes. To detect patterns of multiple low-risk loci, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have used large numbers of cases and controls and dense-coverage single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. These studies have identified risk loci that account for ≈19% of the heritability of CLL, suggesting that some of the remaining CLL risk may be associated with non-DNA sequence modifications, including inherited epigenetic changes, which regulate oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. In this CLL kindred study, high-resolution DNA microarrays and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to identify differentially abundant mRNA and proteins in cases of familial CLL (F-CLL) and monoclonal B lymphocytosis (F-MBL), and compared to unaffected relatives, sporadic CLL (S-CLL) and controls. In addition, mRNA and protein levels were studied in familial and sporadic CLL patients with mutated and unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes (IGH). Key findings were that mRNA and protein profiles clearly segregated clonal B lymphocytes in S-CLL from clonal B lymphocytes in F-MBL and F-CLL (combined as familial-lymphoproliferative disease; F-LPD). These profiles were distinct from those found in normal B lymphocytes in unaffected family members and unrelated controls. Furthermore, increasing upregulation or downregulation of both F-LPD specific genes and genes common to S-CLL occurred in association with progression from normal familial B lymphocytes through F-MBL to F-CLL

Association between shammah use with periodontal disease and shammah-induced leukoplakia-like lesion among adult males in dawn valley, Yemen

Background: The traditional type of smokeless tobacco (SLT) used in the Arabian Peninsula, especially common in Yemen is called shammah. Shammah and other risk factors play an important role in development of oral diseases. Objectives: The present study has been undertaken to determine the prevalence of shammah use and to determine the association between shammah use with periodontal disease and oral leukoplakia-like lesions. Other associated factors with periodontal disease as well as with oral leukoplakia-like lesions were also determined. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 346 randomly selected adult males. Multistage random sampling was used to select the study location. After completing the structured questionnaire interviews, all the participants underwent clinical exanimation for periodontal health status and oral leukoplakia-like lesions. Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Clinical features of oral leukoplakia- like lesions were characterized based on the grades of Axéll et al. (1976). Chi-square test was used for assessing significant differences in shammah status in respect to periodontal disease and oral leukoplakialike lesions. Univariable logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were selected for assessing potential associated factors. Results: Out of 346 male participants aged 18 years and older, 68 reported being current shammah users. The prevalence of current shammah use was 19.7% (95% CI: 15.6%, 24.2%). Chi-square test detected that significant differences exists between the study groups (i.e., never, former, and current shammah users) in respect to the presence of periodontal disease (P= 0.001) as well as to the presence of oral leukoplakia-like lesion (P=0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age, family income, former shammah user, current shammah user, and annual duration of shammah use were statistically associated with the presence of periodontal disease [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)= 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.07; P= 0.001], (AOR= 2.01; 95% CI: 1.16, 3.47; P= 0.012), (AOR= 2.92; 95% CI: 1.20, 7.10; P= 0.018), (AOR= 7.25; 95% CI: 3.84, 13.70; P= 0.001), and (AOR= 2.19; 95% CI: 1.47, 3.24; P= 0.001), respectively. The multivariable analysis also revealed that age, no formal or primary level of education, former shammah user, current shammah user, and frequency of shammah use per day were statistically associated with the presence of oral leukoplakia-like lesion ( AOR= 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06; P= 0.006), (AOR= 8.65; 95% CI: 2.81, 26.57; P= 0.001), (AOR= 3.65; 95% CI: 1.40, 9.50; P= 0.008), (AOR= 12.99; 95% CI: 6.34, 26.59; P= 0.001), and (AOR= 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.36; P= 0.026), respectively. Conclusion: The results revealed that periodontal disease and oral leukoplakia-like lesions were significantly associated with shammah use. Therefore, it is important to develop comprehensive shammah prevention programmes in Yemen

Pathologische Wundheilungsstörungen nach Wirbelsäulenoperationen – Zusammenhang zwischen Operationsdauer und isoliertem Keim

Introduction: Various factors have been known to influence the risk of developing postoperative surgical site infections (SSI). One of the most common risk factors for SSI is the duration of the surgery itself. The objective of this study is to examine if a relationship between the duration of surgery and the spectrum of pathogens causing postoperative surgical site infections exists. Methods: Patients who had at least one revision surgery of the spine due to SSI, with at least one positive intraoperative culture were selected chronologically through the hospital patient management system. Patients who were operated primarily due to spondylodiscitis were excluded from this study. Age, gender, ethnicity, and nationality of patients were not deemed as exclusion criteria for this study. Patient data such as age, gender, body mass index, ASA classification, diagnoses, duration of primary surgery, pathogens discovered through postoperative blood cultures and intraoperative cultures, among others, were collected anonymously and stored electronically. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 28 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) with a significance level of 0,05. Results: 75 patients were included in this study. There were 36 male and 39 female patients. The median age of the population was 64 years. Patients were primarily operated mainly due to spinal stenosis, spinal disc herniation, vertebral fracture, and metastasis. The mean duration of the primary surgery was 131,5 minutes. There were 19 positive postoperative blood cultures in the study population. The most common species were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis. The difference of mean of the surgical duration between the groups of pathogen species discovered in postoperative blood cultures was tested and was found out to be statistically significant (ANOVA p = 0,002). Discussion: The duration of surgery has been known to increase the risk of postoperative SSI through numerous studies. This study further analysed the relationship between surgical duration and SSI and found out that the surgical duration predisposes SSI to be caused by certain pathogenic species. Conclusion: The knowledge of pathogen predisposition according to the duration of surgery must be further studied through clinical research and incorporated into guidelines for the selection of an appropriate antibiotic or antibiotic combination for the empiric treatment of postsurgical SSI