Cytotoxic activity of natural components soluble in methanol and diethyl ether of Dysidea pallescens from Hengam Island, Persian Gulf

Sponges are the most primitive of the multicellular, These organisms don’t have any mechanical defense system, so their early appearance in evolution has given them a lot of time for the development of advanced secondary metabolites as chemical defense system. Sponges have the potential to provide drugs from chemical components against diseases. In this investigation the sponge samples, which it is Dysidea pallescens, were collected at depth of 15- 20 meter, from locations on the coastline of Island Hengam in Persian Gulf of Iran. For identifying natural components, methanol and diethyl ether were used as extraction solvents, after removal of the solvents; the in vitro cytotoxic activity was identified. In vitro cytotoxicity screening, by XTT assay, against KB/ C152 and HUT-78/ C185 cell line, was conducted in this study in 1 - 500 µg/ml. IC50 for diethyl ether and methanol extract was 200 µg/ml in HUT-78, IC50 for diethyl ether extract was 325µg/ml and methanol extract 325µg/ml in KB

Extraction and identification of steroids in two species marine algae, Sargassum oligocystum and Nizamudiinia zanardinii in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea

Sargassum oligocystum and Nizamudiinia zanardinii are the most abundant algae distributed in the north of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In this study after sampling and preparation of S. oligocystum by Chroform-Etanol (3-1) solvent and N. zanardinii by methanol has been extract. Separation and purification of the compounds was carried out using thin layer, general and inverse column chromatography, Cephadex and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC ). Structural elucidation of the constituents was based on the data obtained from HNMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, DEPT and Cephadex LH-20. The steroids compounds separated from above algae were identified as 22-dehydrocholesterol (1) cholesterol (2) fucosterol (3) 29-hydroperoxystigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (4) 24-hydroperoxy-24- vinylcholesterol (5) a mixture of 24(S)-hydroxy-24-vinylcholesterol (6) and 24(R)-hydroxy-24- vinylcholesterol (7) and ostreasterol (8) based on their spectral data and from comparison with those previously reported in the literature

ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMASARAN USAHA MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH PADA NTB MALL

Pertumbuhan ekonomi cenderung lebih cepat meningkat di kota dibandingkan di desa. Hal ini terjadi salah satunya karena adanya aglomerasi yaitu konsentrasi spasial dari aktivitas ekonomi di kawasan perkotaan karena penghematan akibat lokasi yang berdekatan (economies of proximity) yang diasosiasikan dengan kluster spasial dari perusahaan, para pekerja dan konsumen (Kuncoro, 2012). Jenis penelitian dan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Untuk memperoleh suatu data yang menunjang penelitian yang berjudul “Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah Pada NTB Mall lokasi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini terletak di Jl. Langko No. 61, Dasan Agung Baru, Kec. Selaparang, Kota Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Dengan adanya observasi, peneliti dapat mengetahui Bagaimana Strategi pemasaran Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah di NTB Mall. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Strategi yang dilakukan oleh NTB Mall dalam memasarkan produk UMKM lokal di antaranya adalah strategi E-Commers. Strategi E-Commercemerupakan strategi yang digunakan NTB Mall dalam memasarkan produk dengan memanfaatkan media sosial seperti menggunakan aplikasi Facebook, Instagram, WhatsAap dan sosial median lainya. Strategi yang di terpakan oleh NTB Mall untuk meningkatkan penjualan dan menembus pasar internasional yaitu strategi pemasaran atau bauran pemasaran ( Marketing Mix) yang dimana dilamnya ada 4 macam aspek yaitu : 1) Strategi produk, 2) Strategi harga, 3) Strategi distribusi dan tempat, 4) dan Strategi promosi

Keanekaragaman Serangga yang Berasosiasi pada Tanaman Cabai Merah Besar (Capsicum annum L.) di Kelurahan Loktabat Utara Banjarbaru

Tanaman cabai merah besar (Capsicum annum L.) di Kalimantan selatan sering mengalami hambatan besar dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas, salah satu faktor utama yaitu hama dan penyakit yang sering menimbulkan kerugian dalam budidaya. Semakin dominan suatu jenis hama maupun penyakit yang menimbulkan kerusakan maka semakin tinggi tingkat kerusakan pada tanaman. Untuk mengetahui hama maupun penyakit yang ada maka alternatif yang dilakukan ialah dengan melakukan pengamatan lanjut pada tanaman tersebut, yaitu tepatnya di daerah Loktabat Utara Kota Banjarbaru. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survey purposive sampel pada 3 lahan yang berbeda dengan 2 lahan pertanaman yang menggunakan pestisida kimia dan 1 lahan pertanaman sistem organik. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 4 kali dalam satu bulan pada 3 lahan tersebut. Jenis serangga yang berasosiasi terbanyak terdapat pada lahan percobaan pada hama yang menyerang yaitu pada ordo Homoptera famili Aleyrodidae dan sedangkan musuh alami yang ada pada tanaman cabai merah besar yaitu pada ordo Diptera famili Sepsidae. Serangan penyakit tertinggi terdapat pada lahan dengan sistem organi

Parody: Another Revision

ABSTRACT The vast diversity of the proposed definitions of parody, both before and after the twentieth century, can be an emblem of the lack of a thorough agreement amongst the literary critics about the definition of this literary technique (genre?!). While there is not a comprehensive all-accepted definition of parody, modern and postmodern literatures both exhibit a wide application of it. After looking at the definition of parody under Bakhtin's dialogic concepts, Genette's structuralist viewpoints, and Barthes's poststructuralist notions this study endeavours to put forward a more comprehensive and more applicable definition of parody mainly based on Bakhtin's dialogic criticism. Parody then can be defined as a deliberate imitation or transformation of a socio-cultural product (including literary and nonliterary texts, and utterance in its very broad Bakhtinian understanding of it) that recreates its original subject having at least a playful stance towards it

Road map for developing fish processing industries

Fish per capita consumption in the world is 18.8 kg. The value of fish consumption per capita in Iran has reported 9.1 kg. Comparing to the other countries the fish consumption in our country is very low. Therefore the government organizations are going to increase the fish consumption per capita. There are many ways for increasing the fish consumption that can be considered by the countries. Developing the fish production, producing the new fish products, good marketing and trading are the some of the ways. For the achievement to this objective, a comprehensive program should be planned. In seafood consumption the safety of the food is very important. This matter should also be considered by the consumers. Addition of using the fish as food, the aquatics organisms are very interested for producing the biological products. The road map for developing fish processing industries layout is designed for achieving to these proposes. The road map layout were included three chapters. Road map of fish processing, aquatics organism’s biological products, healthy and safety fishery products. The road map of the fish processing chapter is focused on dissolving the fish processing development problems. The road map of seafood healthy and safety products chapter is researched on identify the related problems and making some suggestions for removing the problems. The road map chaoter on aquatics biological products is subjected on preparing the program for producing the different biological products in pilot plan and industry scale