Review of post-process optical form metrology for industrial-grade metal additive manufactured parts

The scope of this review is to investigate the main post-process optical form measurement technologies available in industry today and to determine whether they are applicable to industrial-grade metal additive manufactured parts. An in-depth review of the operation of optical three-dimensional form measurement technologies applicable to metal additive manufacturing is presented, with a focus on their fundamental limitations. Looking into the future, some alternative candidate measurement technologies potentially applicable to metal additive manufacturing will be discussed, which either provide higher accuracy than currently available techniques but lack measurement volume, or inversely, which operate in the appropriate measurement volume but are not currently accurate enough to be used for industrial measurement

EPIdemiology of Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) : Study protocol for a multicentre, observational trial

More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369

Disappearance of dichlofluanid, chlorothalonil, vinclozolin and carbendazim on greenhouse tomatoes

Disappearance of chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, vinclozolin and carbendazim, as active ingredients of agrochemicals commonly used for the protection of greenhouse vegetables against fungal diseases, was studied comparatively. It was found that initial residues of chlorothalonil and dichlofluanid dropped by half within 4 and 2 weeks after treatment, respectively, while the deposits of vinclozolin and carbendazim were the most persistent and after 5 weeks still constituted 50% of their initial levels. Therefore, the obtained results indicated that iprodione, procymidone and vinclozolin should ensure the longest effective protection of greenhouse tomatoes while chlorothalonil, and especially dichlofluanid, for the shortest.Celem badań była ocena rzeczywistego zanikania chlorotalonilu, dichlofluanidu, winklozoliny i karbendazymu, stanowiących substancje aktywne preparatów chemicznych aktualnie najczęściej stosowanych do ochrony warzyw szklarniowych przed wystąpieniem chorób pochodzenia grzybowego. Przeprowadzono je w szklarni Państwowego Zakładu Ogrodniczego w Trzebownisku k. Rzeszowa. Rośliny opryskiwano wieczorem jednorodnymi mieszaninami wodnymi dwu preparatów chemicznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że zdecydowanie najszybciej zanikały pozostałości dichlofluanidu, które już po upływie dwu tygodni stanowiły około 50% początkowej jego ilości. Uwzględniając uzyskane efekty badań można przypuszczać, iż skuteczną ochronę pomidorów szklarniowych powinny najdłużej zapewniać iprodion, procymidon, chlorotalonil i karbendazym, a najkrócej dichlofluanid. Powolne tempo rzeczywistego zanikania tych związków dowodzi również, że zabieg chemiczny wykonany tydzień po zastosowaniu Bravo 500 SC, Topsinu M 70 WP, Sumilexu 50 WP lub Rovralu FLO 255 SC spowoduje znaczące sumowanie się pozostałości

Partition coefficient - its determination and significance in estimation of pesticide residue losses in the course of extraction procedure

Partition coefficients, determined for the aqueous/acetone solution - dichloromethane system, ranged from 40 to 100, and indicated that the losses of the twenty two tested pesticides, potentially resulting from incomplete extraction procedure, should not exceed 1% and may well be disregarded as the possible cause of error. The recoveries of individual pesticides from spiked samples, using a single extraction with dichloromethane, were within a narrow range of 80 to 90% with Relative Standard Deviations not exceeding 5-6%.Współczynniki podziału wyznaczone dla układu dwufazowego roztwór wodno-ocetonowy: dichlorometane zawierały się w zakresie od 40 do 100 i wskazywały, że straty pozostałości pestycydów objętych badaniami, wynikające z niekompletnej ekstrakcji, nie powinny przekraczać 1% i mogą być pominięte jako potencjalne źródło błędów analizy. Odzyski poszczególnych substancji z prób fortyfikowanych w laboratorium, podczas jednokrotnej ekstrakcji dichlorometanem mieściły się w wąskim przedziale od 80 do 90% przy względnym odchyleniu standardowym nie przekraczającym 5-6 procent

Disappearance of iprodione deposits on peppers, eggplants and tomatoes

Disappearance of iprodione deposits on peppers, eggplants and tomatoes grown in commercial greenhouses and in a foil tunnel were studied. lt was found that iprodione residues on ripening fruits decreased according to simple regression lines. Their initial values dropped by half and reached zero levels within 2.5-2.8 and about 5 weeks after Rovral FLO 255 SC application, respectively. lprodione deposits on pepper leaves dropped within four weeks only by 30% white on eggplant leaves in practice stayed at the same level. The chemical may be suitable for the comparative study of real disappearance of pesticides after their applications for the control of pests and diseases.Przeprowadzono badania nad zanikaniem depozytów iprodionu na papryce, oberżynach i pomidorach. Stwierdzono, iż pozostałości iprodionu na dojrzałych owocach zmniejszały się w czasie liniowo. Ich początkowe poziomy spadły o połowę po upływie 2,5-2,8 tygodnia, a poziom zerowy osiągnęły po około 5 tygodniach od dnia aplikacji Rovralu FLO 255 SC. Depozyty iprodionu na liściach papryki w okresie 4 tygodni spadły o około 30%, podczas gdy na liściach oberżyny utrzymywały się w przedziale wyznaczonym zmiennością metody. Fungicyd ten jest zatem odpowiedni do porównawczych badań zanikania środków ochrony roślin stosowanych do zwalczania szkodników i chorób

Ecotoxicological view of protection of apple orchards against insect pests in Poland

The paper presents some aspects of relations between modern plant protection of apple orchards and ecotoxicology. Based on significant similarity of the shape and size of apple and tomato fruits the relation between the doses of active ingredients of plant protection products and their residue levels immediately after treatment was derived for the apples and then quality indices and the risks for human health were estimated. It was found that many of the currently in force MRLs need to be revised and the exposure of consumer should not exceed the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and acute reference doses (ARfDs) for pesticide residues