Supported TiO2 in Ceramic Materials for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Liquid Effluents: A Review

The application of TiO2 as a slurry catalyst for the degradation of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in liquid effluents has some drawbacks due to the difficulties in the catalyst reutilization. Thus, sophisticated and expensive separation methods are required after the reaction step. Alternatively, several types of materials have been used to support powder catalysts, so that fixed or fluidized bed reactors may be used. In this context, the objective of this work is to systematize and analyze the results of research inherent to the application of ceramic materials as support of TiO2 in the photocatalytic CEC removal from liquid effluents. Firstly, an overview is given about the treatment processes able to degrade CEC. In particular, the photocatalysts supported in ceramic materials are analyzed, namely the immobilization techniques applied to support TiO2 in these materials. Finally, a critical review of the literature dedicated to photocatalysis with supported TiO2 is presented, where the performance of the catalyst is considered as well as the main drivers and barriers for implementing this process. A focal point in the future is to investigate the possibility of depurating effluents and promote water reuse in safe conditions, and the supported TiO2 in ceramic materials may play a role in this scope

Distribuição espacial de valores prováveis de precipitação pluvial para períodos quinzenais, em Guiné-Bissau Spatial distribution of probable rainfall in Guinea-Bissau

Neste trabalho se estimaram os valores prováveis de precipitação pluvial para períodos quinzenais e suas respectivas distribuições espaciais, em Guiné-Bissau. Utilizou-se a distribuição log-normal a dois parâmetros para estimar os valores prováveis de precipitação associados ao nível de probabilidade de 75%, entre os meses de junho a outubro. A variabilidade espacial foi estimada pela modelagem dos semivariogramas experimentais e expressa com o emprego do interpolador espacial krigagem. Em média pode-se esperar, para períodos quinzenais em 3 de cada 4 anos pelo menos 100mm de chuvas, excetuando-se a 1ª quinzena de junho e a 2ª quinzena de outubro, cujos valores estimados estão abaixo de 50mm. Essas duas quinzenas correspondem, respectivamente ao início e ao fim do período de chuvas sinalizando, portanto, a necessidade de uso de irrigação suplementar para os cultivos agrícolas, visto que, em junho ocorre a semeadura e outubro antecede a colheita para culturas de ciclo longo. Quanto à variabilidade espacial, ela é elevada, com evidente decréscimo dos índices pluviométricos do eixo sul-sudoeste, exceto no mês de setembro, quando há homogeneidade espacial nas duas quinzenas.The aim of this study was to estimate the probable values of rainfall in the first and second halves of the months and its spatial distribution in Guinea-Bissau. Distribution functions Log-normal 2 parameters were used to estimate the probable values of rainfall adopting the probability level of 75%. The spatial interpolation (kriging) was applied by semi-variogram modeling demonstrating that the probable rainfall estimates have high spatial variability, except in the month of September, when the behavior is homogeneous for both first and second halves. The lowest probable values of rainfalls under 50 mm occur in June and October throughout the country, supporting the use of supplemental irrigation to avoid compromising the periods of sowing (June) and minimize damage at harvest (October, November) for long cycle crops