Comparative Review on Information and Communication Technology Issues in Education Sector of Developed and Developing Countries: A Case Study About Pakistan

The use of information and communication technology is very beneficial in the education sector because it can enhance the quality of education. However, the implementation of ICT in the education sector of developed and developing countries is a challenging task. This paper explains the comparative study of ICT issues in the education sector of developed and developing countries. In particular, we compare issues between Pakistan and high-tech countries. Our study reveals the fact that the education sector is facing numerous ICT problems that are based on culture, finance, management, infrastructure, lack of training, lack of equipment, teacher’s refusal, and ethical issues. At the end of this paper, various issues faced by the implementation of ICT in the education sector of Pakistan have been categorized into various types, namely, infrastructure, lack of IT professionals, lack of high-speed internet and equipment. Our research is based on five key research questions related to ICT issues. We used a mixed approach where the results of this study can be used as a set of guidelines to help make the learning environment technology-oriented, fast, planned, and productive. Future directions are also given at the end of this paper

Clinicopathological pattern and risk factors of carcinoma breast in younger age group

Worldwide, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed life-threatening cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. Approximately 7% of all breast cancers are diagnosed in women <40 years of age. Young age at diagnosis influences prognosis negatively as they present with more advanced disease at diagnosis and a poorer 5-year survival than older patients. The present study includes breast cancer patients in the age group of 18 to 40 years to enrich our knowledge about clinical presentation and pathological characteristics of breast cancer. To find out the clinical presentation and pathological characteristics of breast cancer among the young age group.  This cross-sectional study was done over 100 cases of histopathologically proven breast cancer from structured Questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Mean age was 33.89 years. Among the respondents 88% are married. Among the total studied population 61 respondents had the history of oral contraceptive pill use. Family history of cancer presents in 13.0% respondents and absent in 87.0% respondents. Among the respondents 95% patients presented with lump in the breast. 97.0% had invasive carcinoma 90% were invasive ductal carcinoma in which 46.0% were moderately differentiated. 51.0% patients were in the stage IIa and stage IIb

Adsorption Thermodynamics, Modeling, and Kinetics Studies for the Removal of Lead Ions Using ZnO Nanorods

In the present investigation, zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO-NR) were synthesized via the hydrothermal method using ZnCl$_2$ as a zinc ion precursor in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Synthesized ZnO-NR was featured using advanced techniques including XRD, PL, SEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The role of these assynthesized ZnO-NR was evaluated for the sequestration of lead ions in batch mode. The elimination of lead ions was achieved at pH 6-7 using a 0.06 g adsorbent dose, 25 min contact time, 25 mg/L initial lead ion concentration, 323 K temperature, and 200 rpm agitation speed. A thermodynamic study revealed the endothermic nature of lead ion sequestration onto ZnO-NR. The lead ion sequestration followed kinetic (pseudo-second-order) and isotherm (Langmuir) models. The lead ions were eliminated up to 142 mg/g at the optimum level of affecting variables. The ZnO-NR might be a potential adsorbent for lead ion removal from industrial effluents

Comparison of dosimetric parameters between intensity modulated and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning for adjuvant therapy of gastric cancer

Background: Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for gastric carcinoma, but the optimal radiation modality remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in terms of dosimetry for adjuvant gastric cancer treatment. Methods: 21 patients with stage IIB-IIIC gastric cancer, treated between January and June 2021, underwent surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiation with both IMRT and 3D-CRT plans. Dosimetric parameters were calculated for the planned target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR). Results: Both IMRT and 3D-CRT provided comparable PTV coverage. However, IMRT significantly improved kidney sparing, reducing the mean V20 value by 23% (p=0.01) for the right kidney and 26% (p=0.02) for the left kidney compared to 3D-CRT. IMRT also decreased the mean irradiated volume for both kidneys and the liver, as well as the V30 value for the liver, although these differences were not statistically significant. The dosimetric parameters for the spinal cord were comparable between IMRT and 3D-CRT plans. Conclusions: IMRT demonstrated better kidney sparing compared to 3D-CRT in adjuvant radiotherapy for gastric cancer, while PTV coverage was similar. Long-term follow-up is necessary to assess clinical outcomes and local recurrence rates for both treatment plans

Cellulose-based materials and their adsorptive removal efficiency for dyes: A review

Dyes are emerging as harmful pollutants, which is one of major issues for the environmentalists and there is a urgent need for the removal of dyes from the effluents. In this context, the adsorption technology has been extensively used as an effective tool for the removal of dyes from the aqueous phase. This technique uses low-cost adsorbents and the cellulosic material is a biodegradable, cost-effective and renewable polymer, which is not soluble in the majority of solvents because of its crystalline nature and hydrogen bonding. Currently, the modified cellulosic materials for the removal of dyes from wastewater gained much attention. Moreover, the application of cellulose for water treatment can be utilized for controlling pollution and have high economic viability and availability. This review signifies the use of cellulose-based adsorbent for dyes adsorption from wastewater. The key advancement in the preparation and modification of cellulose-based adsorbents is discussed and their adsorption efficiencies are compared with other adsorbents for removal of dyes and adsorption conditions are also considered for the same. The studies reporting cellulose-based adsorption from 2003 to 2022 are included and their various properties are compared for the efficient removal of dyes. The modified cellulosic materials cellulose is a highly effective adsorbent for the remediation of effluents

Clinicopathological pattern and risk factors of carcinoma breast in younger age group

Worldwide, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed life-threatening cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. Approximately 7% of all breast cancers are diagnosed in women <40 years of age. Young age at diagnosis influences prognosis negatively as they present with more advanced disease at diagnosis and a poorer 5-year survival than older patients. The present study includes breast cancer patients in the age group of 18 to 40 years to enrich our knowledge about clinical presentation and pathological characteristics of breast cancer. To find out the clinical presentation and pathological characteristics of breast cancer among the young age group.  This cross-sectional study was done over 100 cases of histopathologically proven breast cancer from structured Questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Mean age was 33.89 years. Among the respondents 88% are married. Among the total studied population 61 respondents had the history of oral contraceptive pill use. Family history of cancer presents in 13.0% respondents and absent in 87.0% respondents. Among the respondents 95% patients presented with lump in the breast. 97.0% had invasive carcinoma 90% were invasive ductal carcinoma in which 46.0% were moderately differentiated. 51.0% patients were in the stage IIa and stage IIb