Removal of Basic Red 2 from Industrial Effluents Using Natural Iraqi Material

The use of natural Iraqi porcellanite as a cheap, abundantly and ecofriendly adsorbent has been studied as an alternative substitution of activated carbon for the removal of dye from industrial wastewater. This material was successfully used to remove the basic red 2 dye from aqueous solution in a batch equilibrium adsorption technique. Various factors such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, initial dye concentration and particle size of adsorbent were taken into account at room temperature, and promising results were obtained. The well known Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied for the equilibrium adsorption data and the various isotherm parameters were evaluated. The monolayer saturation capacity for adsorption basic red 2 was found to be 66.22 mg/g adsorbent. Keywords: adsorption,  dye, natural material, isother

Adsorption Studies of Direct Red 28 Dye onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Low Cost Material

An experimental investigation on the removal of direct red 28 dye from wastewater by using rice-husk carbon as low cost adsorbent was carried out in a laboratory. Batch type experiments were conducted to study the influence of different parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, initial concentration of dye and particle size of adsorbent. The removal data have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption process was in conformity demonstrated use of rice husk to obtain low cost adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solution . Keywords: adsorption,  low cost adsorbent, isotherm, dye

Ciprofloxacin Removal Using Electrocoagulation Process: Optimization of Operating Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

تعتبر عملية التخثير الكهربي تقنية فعالة لمعالجة أنواع مختلفة من مياه الصرف الصحي. في هذا العمل، تم تحسين معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي التي تحتوي على السيبروفلوكساسين (CIP) باستخدام منهجية استجابة السطح (RSM) مع التصميم المركب المركزي (CCD). يقوم RSM-CCD بتحسين العوامل الرئيسية مثل الرقم الهيدروجيني للمحلول , كثافة التيار , ووقت التحليل الكهربائي لتحقيق أقصى كفاءة إزالة لـ (CIP). اظهرت نتائج ANOVA ان البيانات التجريبية مناسبة بشكل معقول لنموذج الانحدار من الدرجة الثانية من خلال معامل التحديد عالي القيمة (R2 = 0.9594). أظهر تقدير RSM-CCD أن الرقم الهيدروجيني 4، وكثافة التيار 2 ملي أمبير/سم2، ووقت التحليل الكهربائي 60 دقيقة كانت أفضل عوامل للتشغيل و التي حققت أقصى كفاءة للإزالة .The electrocoagulation process is an effective technique for treating various types of wastewater. In this work, the treatment of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) wastewater was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). RSM-CCD optimized the key factors such as solution pH, current intensity, and electrolysis time to attain maximum removal efficiency of (CIP). The second-order regression model and the empirical data were reasonably fit by ANOVA, which demonstrated a high coefficient of determination value (R2=0.9594). RSM-CCD estimation demonstrated that a pH of 4, a current intensity of 2 mA/cm2, and an electrolysis time of 60 min were the best operating parameters that achieved the maximum removal efficiency

RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS IN HILLA CITY

Abstract This paper investigates the analysis of residential water demand for the city of Hilla which is the main town in Babylon government in Iraq( Population of about 258568 person , living in an area of 55 Km 2 according to Central Committee of Statistics -Babylon Census Directorate -1997) along with determining the factors that affect such demand for the period from the 1 st of January to the end of August -2004. The cross-section data which was weekly observed was collected by a survey made on a sample of randomly chosen dwellings from different districts of the city. A questionnaire survey was also made to collect all necessary information seemed useful in estimating the daily consumption of domestic water. Demand relations are estimated for total residential, winter, summer, and Sprinkling demands. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed to find the structural relationship between water demand per household per day and household characteristics (factors) for each type of demand. All demand models were fitted in log-linear form. In this survey, the average daily water demand for the city of Hilla was estimated to be 1721 The most significant factors affecting the demand appear in the fitted equation. Of these factors, household size was found to be significant variable in all demand models, while number of washbasins variable was found to be the significant variable in the total, winter, and summer model. The total built -up area of the house and number of showers were found to be the significant variables in the total and summer models. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Ciprofloxacin Removing from Aqueous Solutions Using Batch Reactor Electrocoagulation Process with Aluminum Electrodes

Increasing the reliance on pharmaceuticals such as analgesics, antibiotics, antidepressants, and other medications harms the environment and human health. The electrocoagulation process is a modern and crucial technology for treating various pollutants. This paper uses electrocoagulation technology (EC) to remove the most widely used antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP) from an aqueous solution. The proposed approach was experimentally implemented in a batch reactor equipped with (aluminium sheets) that act as electrodes (cathode and anode) arranged vertically in a monopolar parallel mode (MP-P). Different operating parameters were considered, in this work, including inter-electrode distance (IED), pH of the solution, current density (CD), electrolysis time (ET), initial concentration of CIP (Co), and concentration of supporting electrolyte NaCl. Several experiments were performed, and the results revealed that EC has successfully applied with a high removal efficiency of 98.48% under optimum operating conditions: a gap between electrodes= 1cm, current density= 1.5 mA/cm2, electrolysis time=60 min, pH=5, initial CIP concentration =50 mg/l, and NaCl= 500 mg/l. The experimental results confirmed that the EC process provides a strategy for removing CIP from wastewater with a high removal efficacy and low energy consumption, additionally offering an increased opportunity for using Al-EC cells to treat antibiotic contaminants

Electrochemical defluorination of water: an experimental and morphological study

This experimental study concerns the elimination of fluoride from water using an electrocoagulation reactor having a variable flow direction in favour of increasing the electrolysing time, saving the reactor area, and water mixing. The detention time of the space-saver EC reactor (S-SECR) was measured and compared to the traditional reactors using an inert dye (red drain dye). Then, the influence of electrical current (1.5 ≤ δ ≤ 3.5 mA cm−2), pH of water (4 ≤ pH ≤ 10), and distance between electrodes (5 ≤ ϕ ≤ 15) on the defluoridation of water was analysed. The effect of the electrolysing activity on the electrodes' morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the operational cost was calculated. The results confirmed the removal of fluoride using S-SECR met the guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) for fluoride levels in drinking water of ≤1.5 mg/L. S-SECR abated fluoride concentration from 20 mg/L to the WHO's guideline at δ, ϕ, pH, operational cost, and power consumption of 2.5 mA cm−2, 5 mm, 7, 0.346 USD m−3, and 5.03 kWh m−3, respectively. It was also found the S-SECR enhanced the detention time by 190% compared to the traditional reactors. The appearance of dents and irregularities on the surface of anodes in the SEM images proves the electrolysing process.Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-04-29 (sofila)</p

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care