Multi-Band Optical Networks Capacity, Energy, and Techno-Economic Assessment

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How to apply the evidence-based medicine concept to nuclear medicine diagnostic studies - a review

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is defined as using the best available evidence for managing patients in daily healthcare practice. Although this approach has been applied successfully in many medical fields, it has not been addressed fully in the radiological discipline in general and nuclear medicine in particular. In this review, the concept of EBM has been introduced briefly and four steps of EBM practice have been explained. Asking answerable questions and finding the best evidence that constitutes the first two parts of EBM practice are explained in brief. The next two steps (appraising the available evidence and applying the best evidence) are explained in more detail. Since the bulk of nuclear medicine studies are of a diagnostic nature and most of the daily practice of a nuclear medicine specialist is involved in diagnosis, we have focused on the diagnosis studies. Systematic reviews are also explained to some extent. Appraisals of other kinds of study, such as interventional or prognosis studies, are not included in this review

The Impact of Entrepreneurial Strategy of the manufacturers on timely providing of parts for super-engine manufacturers (Case study: Saipa Megamotor Company)

Purpose: The research objective is to achieve a solution to improve the method of timely providing of parts through the entrepreneurial strategy for super-engine producers. The main question of this research is this: Is there a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial strategy of super-engine producers and the timely providing of parts? The research hypothesis is this: There is a positive relationship between the entrepreneurial strategy of super-engine producers and timely providing of parts. Methodology: The Method of this research is survey research with field study. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity has been confirmed by experts in the field. The reliability of the questionnaire was found acceptable by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of this research is the entrepreneurs in the parts manufacturing industry who are working in Mega motor Saipa company in the industrial towns of Tehran, Karaj, Golpayeghan, and Tabriz, which a total number of those was 400 people in 2016. The statistical sample size is calculated according to Cochran's table and is equal to 196 people. Findings: The AHP method has been used for ranking the effective factors. The software of SPSS 22 and Expert Choice have been used for data extraction and analysis. The results showed that the research hypothesis is confirmed and there is a positive relationship between the entrepreneurial strategy of super-engine producers and the timely providing of parts. This result can be useful in similar manufacturing industries and institutions. It is suggested to be conducted similar researches in other related industries to achieve a definitive conclusion. Originality/Value: In this paper, The Impact of the Entrepreneurial Strategy of the manufacturers on timely providing of parts for super-engine manufacturers is presented

Family Changes in Iranian Kurdistan: A Mixed Methods Study of Mangor and Gawerk Tribes

Over the last few decades, the Iranian Kurdish society, including family and kinship systems, has experienced enormous changes as a result of government implemented modernization efforts. This paper reports the results of a quantitative/ qualitative mixed methods study aimed at exploring (a) the nature of change in family and kinship systems and (b) how people understand and interpret these changes. The sample for this study was drawn from the Mangor and Gawerk tribes residing in the Mahabad Township located in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Using standardized questionnaires, 586 people were sampled as part of the quantitative portion of the study. For the qualitative portion, data was collected on 20 people using both in-depth interviews and participant observations. The quantitative data was analyzed by SPSS software and the qualitative data was interpreted using grounded theory procedures. The quantitative findings showed that the urbanization, modern education, and mass media have all contributed to the emergence of a new form of family and kinship life. In addition, while supporting quantitative findings, the qualitative results revealed that participants were aware of and sensitive to sources, processes, and effects of modernization on their family and kinship life

Capacity and Energy Usage of Translucent and Multi-Band Transparent Optical Networks

This work shows that exploiting more bands in a transparent network design is a more effective and power-efficient way to increase the network capacity instead of relying on signal regenerators to increase spectral efficiency

Network Performance Assessment with Uniform and Non-Uniform Nodes Distribution in C+L Upgrades vs. Fiber Doubling SDM Solutions

Both spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) and band-division multiplexing (BDM) have been proposed to increase the traffic allocation in transparent optical networks. If available, SDM may take advantage of the already deployed dark fibers, otherwise BDM is a viable and cost-efficient solution by exploiting multiple bands on the deployed fibers just upgrading the required equipment. We assess the network capacity upgrades enabled by C+L BDM and fiber doubling SDM solutions as realistic upgrade scenario from a C-band only case, using the statistical network assessment process (SNAP). SNAP has been applied to the German, the US-NET and the COST networks by generating any-to-any traffic according to both an uniform or population-based joint probability density function. We show that both SDM and BDM upgrades double the network capacity, making the performances of the two solutions comparable

Multiband Power Control Impact on the Transmission Capacity of Optical Line Systems

We apply a launch power control to a C+L+S multiband system, showing an increase in quality of transmission average and flatness, and almost doubling the offered capacity in S-band for long optical line systems

Networking Performance of Power Optimized C+L+S Multiband Transmission

Both spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) and band-division multiplexing (BDM) emerge as possible solutions to increase the optical network capacity to support the traffic demand which has been rising over time. In this work, two different ROADM (Re-configurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer) switching techniques, namely SDM-InS (Independent switching) and SDM-CCC (Core Continue Constant) are investigated and the resulting network capacity is compared with the BDM approach. In the BDM case, both L- and S-bands have been used in addition to C-band to increase the network capacity. The launch power is optimized to control the QoT (Quality of Transmission) summarized by the generalized SNR (GSNR) per channel. Due to: stimulated Raman scattering, frequency variation of loss, frequency variation of dispersion coefficient and noise figures, an optimum power tilt and offset are calculated for each band. We show that the total network capacity increased by ∼2× and ∼3×, when using the L-band and L+S-bands in addition to the C-band, respectively, in both a reference German and a reference US network. Additionally, it was also shown that using additional bands, the increase in network capacity is close to the result of using additional optical fibers in the SDM case

C+L-band Network Upgrade: Capacity and Energy Analyses with Different Transceivers

We investigate the trade-off between network capacity and energy consumption in optical transport networks with three different transceiver implementations. Also, we provide evidence that C+L-band systems have similar energy consumption while attaining comparable network capacity as adding a second optical fiber and using C-band only

Optical Power Control Strategies for Optimized C+L+S-bands Network Performance

This work describes and assesses the performance of a meta-heuristic algorithm applied for launch power control in multi-band (C+L+S) optical networks