All‐Organic Battery Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent and Redox‐Active Polymers

Sustainable battery concepts are of great importance for the energy storage demands of the future. Organic batteries based on redox-active polymers are one class of promising storage systems to meet these demands, in particular when combined with environmentally friendly and safe electrolytes. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) represent a class of electrolytes that can be produced from sustainable sources and exhibit in most cases no or only a small environmental impact. Because of their non-flammability, DESs are safe, while providing an electrochemical stability window almost comparable to established battery electrolytes and much broader than typical aqueous electrolytes. Here, we report the first all-organic battery cell based on a DES electrolyte, which in this case is composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA) alongside the electrode active materials poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) and crosslinked poly(vinylbenzylviologen) (X-PVBV$^{2+}$). The resulting cell shows two voltage plateaus at 1.07 V and 1.58 V and achieves Coulombic efficiencies of 98 %. Surprisingly, the X-PVBV/X-PVBV$^+$ redox couple turned out to be much more stable in NaTFSI : NMA 1 : 6 than the X-PVBV$^+$/X-PVBV$^{2+}$ couple, leading to asymmetric capacity fading during cycling tests

10 kVp rule - an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom imaging study using a CR system : impact on image quality and effective dose using AEC and manual mode

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the influence of tube potential (kVp) variation in relation to perceptual image quality and effective dose for pelvis using automatic exposure control (AEC) and non-AEC in a Computed Radiography (CR) system. Methods and Materials: To determine the effects of using AEC and non-AEC by applying the 10 kVp rule in two experiments using an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. Images were acquired using 10kVp increments (60-120kVp) for both experiments. The first experiment, based on seven AEC combinations, produced 49 images. The mean mAs from each kVp increment were used as a baseline for the second experiment producing 35 images. A total of 84 images were produced and a panel of 5 experienced observers participated for the image scoring using the 2AFC visual grading software. PCXMC software was used to estimate the effective dose. Results: A decrease in perceptual image quality as the kVp increases was observed both in non-AEC and AEC experiments, however no significant statistical differences (p>0.05) were found. Image quality scores from all observers at 10 kVp increments for all mAs values using non-AEC mode demonstrates a better score up to 90kVp. Effective dose results show a statistical significant decrease (p=0.000) on the 75th quartile from 0.3 mSv at 60 kVp to 0.1 mSv at 120kVp when applying the 10 kVp rule in non-AEC mode. Conclusion(s): No significant reduction in perceptual image quality is observed when increasing kVp whilst a marked and significant effective dose reduction is observed

A compendium of the best-preserved terrestrial hypervelocity impact crater in a basaltic terrain: The Lonar, India

As impact cratering is regarded as the most fundamental process in the modification of planetary surfaces, it is crucial to investigate and identify terrestrial impact craters with credible evidences to learn more about the planet\u27s evolutionary path. Consequently, terrestrial impact craters are considered as proxies for planetary explorations. However, because of the diversity of the lithologies the terrestrial craters are carved in, those in basaltic rocks, which make up the majority of planets, are thought to be the best candidates. Lonar Impact Crater in India is a well-preserved, simple bowl-shaped impact crater that is etched in tholeiitic basalt of the ~65 Ma Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP). The crater has a diameter of 1.88 km and a depth of ~150 m. Being a basaltic target and situated in warm temperate climatic zone, apart from the modern-day anthropogenic influence, the crater is subjected to denudation. One such study has quantified a cumulative rim erosion of 30 m and an erosion rate at 96–203 mm per kyr, indicating fast denudation of the crater. Several methods were employed to date the impact event and based on the recent in-situ cosmogenic radionuclide dating, the age is determined as 37.5 ± 5.0 ka. The tholeiitic flood basalt target rock at Lonar exhibits high total iron (26.25 wt%) and CaO content (9.97 wt%) with lower contents of Al2O3 (13.21 wt%) and MgO (5.96 wt%). Based on the Ni (~60 to 2500 ppm), Cr (27 to 618 ppm), and Co (38 to 196 ppm) geochemistry of sub-mm sized Lonar spherules, the most likely projectiles associated with the cratering event are the chondritic impactors. The Mesoarchean age (~3.0 to 3.1 Ga), yielded by a few zircon grains separated from an impact melt-bearing breccia together with the exotic quartz grains with impact features like planar deformation feature, which is unfamiliar in a basalt-dominated impactite, proved the incorporation of the deep-seated Archean Peninsular gneiss in the impact event. This demonstrates a depth penetration of 522–570 m for the impact. However, compared to the extent of ejecta seen in comparable younger craters on the Moon and Mars, where ejecta can travel up to distances of ~10R and ~ 15R, respectively, the expanse of spallation from the terrestrial Lonar crater is only visible in a smaller area (~3R). In the entirety, Lonar crater has been explored by many researchers, which have uncovered many aspects of the impact including ejecta particles, structural, magnetic, hydrological, and geophysical characterization. In order to better understand the cratering mechanism and characteristics of Lonar impact crater, this review paper aims to garner information from all the relevant literature and this compendium will act as a comprehensive synthesis that will reshape our understanding of not only Lonar impact crater but also the broader realms of impact cratering science

Report of Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome in Two Families with Novel Variants in <i>HPS3</i> and <i>HPS4</i> Genes

Background: Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HSP) was first reported in 1959 as oculocutaneous albinism with bleeding abnormalities, and now consists of 11 distinct heterogenic genetic disorders that are caused by mutations in four protein complexes: AP-3, BLOC1, BLOC2, and BLOC3. Most of the patients show albinism and a bleeding diathesis; additional features may present depending on the nature of a defective protein complex. The subtypes 3 and 4 have been known for mutations in HSP3 and HSP4 genes, respectively. Methods: In this study, two Pakhtun consanguineous families, ALB-09 and ALB-10, were enrolled for clinical and molecular diagnoses. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of the index patient in each family followed by Sanger sequencing of all available samples was performed using 3Billion. Inc South Korea rare disease diagnostics services. Results: The affected individuals of families ALB-09 and ALB-10 showed typical phenotypes of HPS such as oculocutaneous albinism, poor vision, nystagmus, nystagmus-induced involuntary head nodding, bleeding diathesis, and enterocolitis; however, immune system weakness was not recorded. WES analyses of one index patient revealed a novel nonsense variant (NM_032383.4: HSP3; c.2766T > G) in family ALB-09 and a five bp deletion (NM_001349900.2: HSP4; c.1180_1184delGTTCC) variant in family ALB-10. Sanger sequencing confirmed homozygous segregation of the disease alleles in all affected individuals of the respective family. Conclusions: The substitution c.2766T > G creates a premature protein termination at codon 922 in HPS3, replacing tyrosine amino acid with a stop codon (p.Tyr922Ter), while the deletion mutation c.1180_1184delGTTCC leads to a reading frameshift and a premature termination codon adding 23 abnormal amino acids to HSP4 protein (p:Val394Pro395fsTer23). To the best of our knowledge, the two novel variants identified in HPS3 and HPS4 genes causing Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome are the first report from the Pakhtun Pakistani population. Our work expands the pathogenic spectrum of HPS3 and HPS4 genes, provides successful molecular diagnostics, and helps the families in genetic counselling and reducing the disease burden in their future generations