The Effect of Basic Life Skills Training on Adaptability and Psychological Well-Being in Married Female Students

Background: Effective communication and the establishment of a good communication model among individuals have a prominent role in adaptation and can play an essential role in creating the psychological well being of married students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of basic life skills training on adaptability and psychological well being in married female students.Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with the control group. A sample of 40 female undergraduate students of Qaemshahr Azad University University in the academic year of 2017-2018 was selected with convenience sampling and divided into 2 experimental and control groups randomly (each group 20 student). The experimental group received eight sessions of basic life skills training in 2 sessions of 90 minutes per week. Control group received no training. In order to collect information, Bell’s adaptive scale and psychological well-being questionnaire used. Covariance analysis by SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data.Results: results of covariance analysis showed that the training of basic skills of life increased the adaptability (P < 0.001) and psychological well-being (P < 0.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group at the post-test stage.Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, it can be used basic life skills training as an effective way to increase the psychological well-being and student adaptability

Perception the experience of citizens about the epidemic of COVID-19: Qualitative study in the cities of Qom and Yazd

The epidemic of COVID 19 has affected Iran as well of other countries. The aim of the present study is to analyze the perception and interpretation of Iranian citizens about this epidemics in the first stage. The study was performed qualitatively and the data were collected in March 1398 and April 1399 with saturation criteria with 20 citizens by semi-structured interview method. Thematic analysis method has been used to analyze data. The results of the study showed that people experience a kind of social anxiety from the crisis in the country. The way the government operates and is managed by the relevant authorities has caused dissatisfaction and a kind of public distrust. There is also this distrust of the media. The effects of epidemics on jobs and living problems have created a kind of anxious social sphere. However, the formation of a sphere of intimacy in families, and spiritual self-improvement were among the positive experiences of the participants in this study. The five main themes of crisis management research were social distrust, virus economics, psycho-health pressures, and positive rethinking.Based on the results of the research, in the current and future epidemics, it is recommended for policymakers to build social trust and increase awareness in the field of individual-social health.According to the research results, social work at the individual and community level can play an active role in epidemics. Providing counseling to social policymakers in crises and identifying and assisting target groups to reduce the psychological pressures of the epidemic

Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal findings of cloacal malformation: a case report

Introduction: Cloacal malformation is an extremely rare fetal pathological condition but an important anomaly that presents as a variety of defects. It predominantly affects females, with prevalence of 1 in 50,000 births. Prenatal ultrasonography usually showed oligohydramnios and the fetus having a large cystic mass in the lower abdomen with a single septum, bilateral hydronephrosis, ambiguous genitalia and a single umbilical artery. Postnatal finding including ambiguous genitalia and rectal atresia with a single perineal opening. Case report: The purpose of this case series was to illustrate characteristic prenatal sonographic features of cloacal malformation by using imaging from 3 cases seen in all academic centers to augment published data. The imaging feature common to all cases was a central cystic pelvic mass containing a characteristic fluid-fluid level. Conclusions: The children were followed at regular intervals by an urologist, surgeon and nephrologist throughout life. Medical teams were committed to providing long-term care for children with cloacal anomalies

Representation of a ‘positive experience’ of surrogacy in Yazd, Iran: A qualitative study

Background: The social and cultural challenges facing surrogate mothers have been explored in several studies. However, few studies have discussed the motivations of surrogate mothers, their expressions and interpretations of their lived experiences, and their feelings of personal and spiritual satisfaction. Objective: This study aims to present the positive experiences of surrogate mothers from a phenomenological perspective. Materials and Methods: Using a phenomenological approach, this study was conducted from September 2020 to January 2021 in the city of Yazd, Iran. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data among 12 participants with at least 1 experience of surrogate motherhood. Results: Our findings showed that, despite having had harsh physical and socio-cultural experiences such as fear of social labeling and stigma, participants felt a kind of inner satisfaction and a positive view of their actions. A core theme found in the study was mothers’ satisfaction. The main categories included feminine self-sacrifice and positive rewards. Feminine self-sacrifice included 2 sub-categories: creating happiness and conveying motherly feelings, while positive rewards included good childbirth, family acceptance, and halal income. Conclusion: This study showed that surrogate mothers experience conflicting feelings of inner satisfaction and social stigma during surrogacy. Some of those interviewed were willing to go through surrogacy again, but they feared social labeling and stigma, being misunderstood by others who are not fully informed about surrogacy, and being subjected to family and social disapproval. Key words: Surrogate mothers, Emotions, Personal satisfaction, Infertility

Antioxidant Potential, Hypoglycemic Effect and Safety of Ajuga chamaecistus Ging. ssp. tomentella (Boiss.) Rech. f. Aerial Parts

Background and objective: Ajuga species(Lamiaceae) are traditionally used in the treatment of jaundice, joint pain, sciatic nerve, and diabetes in different countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities and safety of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella. Methods: Antioxidant activity, radical scavenging effect, and total phenolics content of the aqueous and methanol extracts were assessed using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice were studied in separate groups comprising aqueous and methanol extracts (200, 400, 800 mg/kg), metformin (500 mg/kg) and a negative control group. Results: The n-butanol fraction showed the most phenolics content (26.5 mg GAE/g of extract) and the highest antioxidant power) 346.7 mmol FeІІ/g of extract) as well as the most considerable radical scavenging activity (IC50=15.34 µg/mL). In STZ-diabetic mice, repeated oral administration of all doses of extracts showed a significant decrease in plasma glucose levels after 3, 14 and 28 days. The results of acute toxicity study showed that the ethanol extract was non-toxic up to the dose of 6000 mg/kg. Based on the sub-chronic toxicity results, a significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride was observed after using the extract (1000 mg/kg) for 23rd and 45th days. Histopathology of animal tissues revealed no significant differences in animal tissues between treated and control groups after 23 and 45 days. Conclusion: our study indicated the antioxidant potential, safety and hypoglycemic effect of A. chamaecistus ssp. tomentella extracts

Operating Room Students, Graduates and Faculty Members’ Experiences of the Curriculum of Operating Room Noncontinuous Undergraduate Program: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: One of the basic principles of the educational process is the periodic review of the curriculum for each discipline and at each academic level. Because of previous work experience, the operating room non-continuous undergraduates have to retake some courses they have already passed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the operating room students, graduates and faculty members’ experiences of the curriculum of operating room noncontinuous undergraduate program. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2016-17 using the conventional content analysis method. Subjects were selected by means of purposive sampling. Data were collected through 13 semi-structured interviews. Interview transcriptions were analyzed in MaxQDA2 software using the content analysis method. Results: The data were classified into three main categories namely “disproportionate structure of the curriculum” with the subcategories of inappropriate organization of teaching content, teaching method and ineffective apprenticeship; “deterrents” with the subcategories of employment during education, family management, and difficult commuting; and “motivational factors” with the subcategories of financial growth, job promotion, and social identity. Conclusion: Results suggest that it is necessary to reform the structure and implementation of the curriculum of operating room noncontinuous undergraduate program so that it will be commensurate with learners’ needs

The Effect of Life Skills Training on Marital Satisfaction and Happiness of Married Students

Background and Objective: Effective communication and the establishment of a good communication pattern between husband and wife have a prominent role in marital satisfaction and can play a crucial role in creating a sense of security and happiness for couples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training basic life skills on marital satisfaction and happiness in married students. Materials and Methods: The research method was semi experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all the 180 female married students of Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr branch, in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 60 students (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) were randomly assigned (voluntarily) to two groups of experimental and control groups. The intervention, training basic life skills, was performed for the experimental group and pre-test and post-test were performed for both groups. Date were collected vie Marital Satisfaction Scale and Happiness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance with SPSS-22 software. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 32.7 (6.8) and in the control group 33.6 (7). The mean (SD) marital satisfaction score was higher after training basic life skills compared with before the training: 155.9 (41.1) vs. 120.1 (47), P<0.001. The mean (SD) happiness score of married students was higher after training basic life skills compared with before the training: 49.8 (11.6) vs. 38.9 (13.9), P<0.001. No differences were observed in the mean (SD) of the pre-test and post-test score among the control group. Conclusion: Training basic life skills increased marital satisfaction and happiness among married female students

Sulfur isotopic properties and its relationship with TOC in sedimentary copper deposits of the Nahand- Ivand area, NW Iran

Introduction The Tabriz basin is an intra-mountain basin (Reichenbacher et al., 2011), which includes the Qom Red Bed Formation along with the Miocene Upper Red Formation. The lower unit of the Upper Red formation, M2mg unit, which hosts copper deposits includes an alternation of green grey sandstone and red marl with the interlayer of gypsiferous and saltiferous sediments (Sadati et al., 2013). Based on paleontological evidence, this unit is middle Miocene in age and is overlain by red sandstone, marl, shale (M3ms, M4sm) and locally up to red conglomerate (M5sc). In addition, this unit has considerable evaporitic layers, such as gypsum and salt. On the basis of field study all mineralization is distributed in the light-colored layers of the red sedimentary sequence, especially at the boundary between a red layer and a light-colored layer and is mostly restricted to within palaeo channels which consist of greenish-grey, well-sorted coarse- to very coarse-grained sandstones to microconglomerates. Both pyrite and copper-bearing minerals usually occur in the stratification of the organic matter- bearing host rocks which are mainly composed of gray sandstone. The size of organic matter varies from a few millimeters to 5-10 cm in length; almost all fragments are flattened and oriented conformably to bedding planes of host sedimentary rocks. Also, fine-grained sulfides are disseminated along the bedding planes in the sandstone. Copper precipitation in these places was possibly promoted by reduction from such organic materials. Sampling and analytical methods Investigations on mineralized samples showed that pyrite is the first sulfide mineral precipitated in the selected samples, followed by chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, digenit, and covellite. The intergrown nature of sulphur-bearing minerals, along with their small grain size and their inter locking with detrital grains and calcite cement, make physical separation extremely difficult, although microdrilling techniques can achieve spatial resolutions for these samples. In the laboratory 25 to 100 µg (weight depends on the mineral analyzed) of the samples derived from microdrilling was combusted in a Eurovector 3000 elemental analyzer, yielding sulfur dioxide that was delivered to an Isoprime mass spectrometer using continuous-flow techniques, with helium as the carrier gas. Also, sulfide mineral powder was analyzed for the sulfur isotope compositions. Some samples were crushed to 40 to 60 meshes and the sulfide mineral separates were handpicked under a binocular microscope. The sulfur isotopes were analyzed at the Stable Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing. The isotopic data are reported using the δ notation in units of per mil, relative to the Cañón Diablo troilite (CDT) standard. Organic carbon (TOC) was determined by treating powdered samples with 6 M HCl to remove the carbonate. The sample was then rinsed to remove the acid. The mass difference between the original sample and the acid-treated residue was used to determine the carbonate content. The dried sample was then combusted and the evolved CO2 was analyzed on the mass spectrometer. During the mass spectrometric analysis the sample peak height was calibrated against organic carbon standards to estimate the organic carbon content. Result and Discussion Framboidal pyrite is the most common typical byproduct of bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), a process that occurs at temperatures from 0°C up to about 60–80°C (Donahue et al., 2008). The metabolic activity of the sulfate reducing bacteria generally depletes (or fractionates) the resulting sulfide in 34S, by up to 70% (Kalender, 2011). The availability of S content is consistent with controlling δ34Ssulfide in some portions of this study area, but not all. Total organic carbon (TOC) is above 4% for one mineralized sample of the Upper red Formation. Sulfide sulphur and organic carbon distribution shows that pyrite-rich sandstones are the copper ore precursor, and that mineralizing the processes provoked the depletion of both reduced S and organic C as a consequence of interaction with an oxidized Cu-bearing fluid. On the other hand, lowed 34S values are consistent with bacteriogenic derivation of sulphur. Conclusion Taking into account the sedimentary environment, the abundant presence of the former evaporit layers in the host rock, the presence of evaporit layers below and above the mineralized rocks, and the absence of a widespread magmatic sulfur source, it is concluded that the Cu-Co sulfides of the Nahand-Ivand deposits obtained their sulfur by either bacterial or thermochemical reduction of sedimentary sulfate. The examined samples preserved original sedimentary textures (i.e. immature organic matter and sedimentary bedding). These geological evidences point to the fact that a biological (thermochemical) sulfate reduction is unlikely. Therefore, the sulfate-reducing bacteria were responsible for pyrite formation in the examined sample. The S isotope composition of pyrite in this study is related to organic C abundance. Most of the samples show a correlation between S and C, but mineralized samples are relatively enriched in S and TOC content. References Donahue, M.A., Werne, J.P., Meile, C. and Lyons, T.W., 2008. .Modeling sulfur isotope fractionation and differential diffusion during sulfate reduction in sediments of the Cariaco Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(9): 2287–2297. Kalender, L., 2011. Oxygen, carbon and sulphur isotope studies in the KebanPb–Zn deposits, eastern Turkey: An approach on the origin of hydrothermal fluids. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 59(4–5): 341–348. Reichenbacher, B., Alimohammadian, H., Sabouri, J., Haghfarshi, E., Faridi, M., Abbasi, S., Matzke-Karasz, R., Fellin, M., Carnevale, G., Schiller, W., Vasilyan, D. and Scharrer, S., 2011. Late Miocene stratigraphy, palaeoecology and palaeogeography of the Tabriz Basin (NW Iran, Eastern Paratethys). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 311(1–2): 1–18. Sadati, N., Yazdi, M., Behzadi, M., Adabi, M.H. and Mokhtari, A.A, 2013. The role of organic matter in genesis of sedimentary-hosted stratiform copper deposits in Nahand-Ivand area, NW Iran. Goldschmidt Conference, Firenze Fiera Congress and Exhibition Centre, Florence, Italy

Assessment of neonatal mortality in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Sabzevar City for the period of 2006–2013

Introduction: The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is an essential index in the assessment of community health. With the rapid advancement of neonatal care, the causes of death in this group and the overall mortality rate have changed. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to determine the current NMR and its causes in Sabzevar City’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the NICU at Sabzevar Hospital from 2006 through 2013. Based on previous studies, the sample size was determined to be 365 neonates who were admitted to the NICU and died before they were discharged. The study tool was a researcher-developed checklist related to deceased neonates in the NICU. The checklist was confirmed based on the validity of its content and its inter-rater reliability. We used chi-squared, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Spearman correlation to analyze the data. Results: The NMR in Sabzevar’s NICU was 6.44 per 1000 during the seven-year period; this rate included the following cases per 1000 live births: very early mortality (2.16), early mortality (3.33), and late mortality (0.96). Among 58,270 live births, 3,667 of the neonates were admitted to the NICU during the seven-year period, which was equivalent to 62.93 admissions per 1000 live births. Of the 3,667 neonates admitted to the NICU, 375 (10.23%) died before they were discharged. The most recurrent diagnoses were respiratory distress syndrome (46%), followed by sepsis (12%). The one-sample chi-squared test as a goodness-of-fit test (95% CI) showed that the mortality rates were significantly different based on gender (p = 0.004), birth weight (p < 0.001), gestational age (p < 0.001), different causes of death (p < 0.001), and different years of death (2006 -2013) (p < 0.001). There also was a significant difference between the duration of survival (very early mortality, early mortality, and late mortality) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Neonatal mortality in the present study was comparable with that reported in similar studies in Iran and in other countries. The strong association between the mortality rate in the NICU with premature birth and low birth weight indicates the necessity of prenatal care aimed at preventing pre-term labor. Comprehensive programs from antenatal care and care at and after birth are recommended, including the investigation of the risks for neonatal death and offering preventive strategie