A study of the Tale of Genji : focusing on interior monologue

This study investigates the theme of parts 1 and 2 of The Tale of Genji (Japanese, early 11th century). The tale is narrated through stories about male-female relationships: stories that use interior monologue to depict the inner lives of the characters. Interior monologue, a category of discourse that reveals thought and emotion from the character’s own viewpoint, provides insight into the character’s state of mind. The goal of the thesis is to pursue what lies behind these relationships. The thesis therefore explores the characteristics of the male-female relationships among the central characters, who are defined as those with a high frequency of interior monologue. Pursuit of this goal is grounded in close textual analysis. Genji has intrigued those who have read it, and it has inspired various kinds of critical writing. However, there have been few studies, especially of a comprehensive nature, of its theme. This attempt to clarify the theme can be regarded as a significant contribution to the study of the tale. The thesis treats only parts 1 and 2 of the work, because the pursuit of the goal just described requires so much space. Quite apart from detailed textual analysis, it is necessary also to establish the concept of the narrator, hence the concomitant narrative structure; to categorise discourse; and to define discourse categories. Another reason for limiting the thesis to parts 1 and 2 is that these narrate Genji’s whole life. This study establishes a new concept of the narrator, integrating distinctive features of the narrator of the tale with the concepts of eye-witness narrator and histor narrator proposed by Scholes and Kellogg (1966). The thesis adopts the term ‘the eye-witness narrator’, thus adding another viewpoint from which the narrator can see a character’s inner life. This new concept of the narrator stands in opposition to the concept of the narrator as a character (Mitani 1992, Yoshioka 1966). It reflects a different understanding of the narrative structure, since the narrative structure is indebted to the two modes of the narrator and the movement of the narrator’s viewpoint (see Figure 3). These concepts, especially that of the narrator’s shifting viewpoint, underpin the categorisation of discourse. The study categorises discourse in the tale according to three viewpoints: (1) that of the character, (2) that of the narrator and (3) that shared by both. The criterion for categorisation builds on the criteria proposed by Kai (1980) and Noguchi (1987), but focuses on the viewpoint expressed in a particular passage. Furthermore, the discourse is subcategorised into seven categories under the three viewpoints (see Figure 5). There are two distinctive characteristics of categorisation and definitions in the thesis: one is the consistency of the criterion (viewpoint) for categorisation and the other is the strict distinction between direct narration and indirect narration. The categories and definitions proposed use a new criterion, viewpoint, to build on various understandings of the terms customarily used in old commentaries, and on definitions of individual terms proposed by many scholars. Reading with attention to the new discourse categories allows one to recognise the viewpoint in a complex passage. This in turn permits precise analysis, toward the goal of defining the theme. As a result of examining the characteristics of the male-female relationships woven by the central characters, the thesis proposes first a theme each for part 1 and 2, and then an overarching theme for both parts. This overarching theme is the abyss between man and woman. It flows through all male-female relationships in both parts, like the main melody in a symphony

Pengaruh Penyuluhan Obat Terhadap Peningkatan Perilaku Pengobatan Sendiri Di Kabupaten Banyumas

Self-medication is the mostly effort to coped health complaint, therefore to drug consume decrease unsuitable, it needed safety socialization to self-medication. The study was take to analyze the effect of drug counseling to self-medication increase in Banyumas regency. In addition to analyze the method effectiveness used in drug counseling to self-medication act. The instrument research used questionnaires in this study and purposive sampling used to took the sample. The respondents were 192 residents whom live in Banyumas regency. The type of research quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group pretest and posttest research design. The data then analyzed by dependent-sampel t-test to find the effect of counseling to self-medication behavior in α = 0.05. While to find the effectiveness of between discussion group and lecture method by leaflet used independen-sampel t-test in α = 0.05. The results showed there significant different between before and after drug counseling by discussion goup and lecture method used leaflet media, able to self-medication attitude improved such as knowledge and attitude about self-medication (P= 0.000), also it can to know both of methods as effective as to self-medication attitude which showed P=0.05. It\u27s mean both of drug counseling methods used as effective as to self-medication attitude improvement. Key words: self medication attitude, counseling methods, housewife, Banyumas

シュウジュツキ ノ ケッカン キノウ ホゴ センリャク

Potassium channels play an essential role in the membrane potential of arterial smooth muscle, and also in regulating contractile tone. Especially, in vascular smooth muscle, the opening of adenosine triphosphate（ATP）-sensitive potassium（KATP）channels leads to membrane hyperpolarization, resulting in muscle relaxation and vasodilation. This activation also plays a role in tissues during pathophysiologic events such as ischemia, hypoxia, and vasodilatory shock. In this review, we will describe the physiological and pathophysiological roles of vascular smooth muscle KATP channels in relation to the effects of anesthetics and perioperative managements. Although accumulated evidence suggests that many anesthetics and perioperative managements（especially, diabetes and hyperglycemia）modify the above function of K+ channels as a metabolic sensor. Use of effective volatile anesthetics and the strict glycemic control may contribute to protect perioperative vascular function

Formation of a Massive Black Hole at the Center of the Superbubble in M82

We performed 12CO(1-0), 13CO(1-0), and HCN(1-0) interferometric observations of the central region (about 450 pc in radius) of M82 with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array, and have successfully imaged a molecular superbubble and spurs. The center of the superbubble is clearly shifted from the nucleus by 140 pc. This position is close to that of the massive black hole (BH) of >460 Mo and the 2.2 micron secondary peak (a luminous supergiant dominated cluster), which strongly suggests that these objects may be related to the formation of the superbubble. Consideration of star formation in the cluster based on the infrared data indicates that (1) energy release from supernovae can account for the kinetic energy of the superbubble, (2) the total mass of stellar-mass BHs available for building-up the massive BH may be much higher than 460 Mo, and (3) it is possible to form the middle-mass BH of 100-1000 Mo within the timescale of the superbubble. We suggest that the massive BH was produced and is growing in the intense starburst region.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, to appear in ApJ Lette

Studies on Classc Cuisine (9)

Recombinase enzymes promote DNA repair by homologous recombination. The genes that encode them are ancestral to life, occurring in all known dominions: viruses, eubacteria, archaea and eukaryota. Bacterial recombinases are also present in viruses and eukaryotic groups (supergroups), presumably via ancestral events of lateral gene transfer. The eukaryotic <i>recA</i> genes have two distinct origins (mitochondrial and plastidial), whose acquisition by eukaryotes was possible via primary (bacteria–eukaryote) and/or secondary (eukaryote–eukaryote) endosymbiotic gene transfers (EGTs). Here we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the <i>recA</i> genealogy, with substantially increased taxonomic sampling in the bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes and a special focus on the key eukaryotic supergroup Amoebozoa, earlier represented only by <i>Dictyostelium</i>. We demonstrate that several major eukaryotic lineages have lost the bacterial recombinases (including Opisthokonta and Excavata), whereas others have retained them (Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida and the SAR-supergroups). When absent, the bacterial <i>recA</i> homologues may have been lost entirely (secondary loss of canonical mitochondria) or replaced by other eukaryotic recombinases. RecA proteins have a transit peptide for organellar import, where they act. The reconstruction of the RecA phylogeny with its EGT events presented here retells the intertwined evolutionary history of eukaryotes and bacteria, while further illuminating the events of endosymbiosis in eukaryotes by expanding the collection of widespread genes that provide insight to this deep history

Current status of space gravitational wave antenna DECIGO and B-DECIGO

Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (DECIGO) is the future Japanese space mission with a frequency band of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz. DECIGO aims at the detection of primordial gravitational waves, which could be produced during the inflationary period right after the birth of the universe. There are many other scientific objectives of DECIGO, including the direct measurement of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, and reliable and accurate predictions of the timing and locations of neutron star/black hole binary coalescences. DECIGO consists of four clusters of observatories placed in the heliocentric orbit. Each cluster consists of three spacecraft, which form three Fabry-Perot Michelson interferometers with an arm length of 1,000 km. Three clusters of DECIGO will be placed far from each other, and the fourth cluster will be placed in the same position as one of the three clusters to obtain the correlation signals for the detection of the primordial gravitational waves. We plan to launch B-DECIGO, which is a scientific pathfinder of DECIGO, before DECIGO in the 2030s to demonstrate the technologies required for DECIGO, as well as to obtain fruitful scientific results to further expand the multi-messenger astronomy.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension