Values and believes parental: theoretical considerations

O contexto cultural permite o acúmulo de informações dentro de um grupo que se reflete em crenças e práticas. Compreender a relação entre a natureza humana e cultura é uma questão complexa e necessária para a compreensão do comportamento. Ampliar pesquisas enfocando a complexa relação entre o biológico e o social promove um melhor entendimento sobre o desenvolvimento, o que significa que estudar crenças e práticas permite entender melhor a relação entre o homem e a cultura e, conseqüentemente, compreender melhor o comportamento humano. A importância do estudo de crenças parentais para a compreensão do desenvolvimento humano mostra que os sistemas de crenças parentais têm emergido como um campo de estudo relevante para a compreensão do desenvolvimento por estar diretamente vinculado ao estilo de cuidado dispensado à criança.The cultural context allows the gathering of information inside a group, and this is reflected on beliefs and practices. To understand the relationship between human nature and culture is a complex and necessary task for the comprehension of behavior. The conduction of more research studies focusing on the complex relationship between the social and the biological promotes a better understanding of development, which means that the study of beliefs and practices allows us to deepen our understanding of the relationship between men and culture and, consequently, to better understand human behavior. Thus, the study of parental beliefs is important to the comprehension of human development because it is directly linked with the style of child care

Effects of mixtures made of alperujo (solid by-product of olive oil extraction) and soil, on bioindicators development (Eisenia andrei and Medicago sativa)

Solid wastes resulted from olive oil extraction represent an important environmental problem in Catamarca where they are generated in huge quantities, within short periods of time. These wastes are phytotoxic materials, but they contain valuable resources such as large proportions of organic matter that could improve soil productivity of these regions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on soils, caused by the addition of alperujo to soils in different proportions, by using Medicago sativa and Eisenia Andrei as bioindicators. Mixtures were typical soil of the Central Valley of Catamarca with the addition of fresh alperujo in different proportions (0-30%). The assays were performed under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity for 10 days. Adult worm survival and the presence and number of other stages were analyzed. Additionally, Medicago sativa germination percentage and plant growth parameters were also recorded. Results revealed the survival of around 100% of the adult worms at 5 and 10% of alperujo/soil mixtures. Cocoons were found in soil without alperujo and alperujo/soil mixture 5%. The germination of M. sativa reached the 40 and 10% in alperujo/soil mixtures of 20 and 30% respectively; whereas the 5 and 10% mixtures showed no inhibition of the germination. The emergence was affected from 10% alperujo/soil mixture. The plant height decreased with the concentration of alperujo, the plants being exposed to 30% the most affected. We conclude that 5% of alperujo in these soils does not produce substantial changes on bioindicators, however, other studies would be needed to assess environmental waste.Fil: Hamman, A.. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Sachetti, L.. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Teisaire, E.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo. Catedra de Fisiologia Vegetal; Argentin

Dissociation of allocentric and egocentric orientation: Effect on hippocampal place cells and place navigation

Navigation by means of cognitive maps appears to require the hippocampus; hippocampal place cells (PCs) appear to store spatial memories because their discharge is confined to cell-specific places called firing fields (FFs). Experiments with rats manipulated idiothetic and landmark-related information to understand the relationship between PC activity and spatial rotation. Rotating a circular arena in the caused a discrepancy between these cuse. This discrepancy caused most FFs to disappear in both the arena and room reference frames. However, FFs persisted in the rotating arena frame when the discrepancy was reduced by darkness or by a card in the arena. The discrepancy was increased by "field clamping" the rat in a room-defined FF location by rotations that countered its locomotion. Most FFs disspared and reappeared an hour or more after the clamp. Place-avoidance experiments showed that navigation uses independent idiothetic and exteroceptive memories. Rats learned to avoid the unmarked footshock region within a circular arena. When acquired on the stable arena in the light, the location of the punishment was learned by using both room and idiothetic cues; extinction in the dark transferred to the following session in the light. If, however, extinction occured during rotation, only the arena-frame avoidance was extinguished in darkness; the room-defined location was avoided when the light were turned back on. Idiothetic memory of room-defined avoidance was not formed during rotation in light; regardless of rotation with a randomly dispersed pellet. The resulting behaviour alternated between random pellet searching and target-directed navigation, making it possible to examine PC correlates of these two classes of spatial behaviour. The independence of idiothetic and exteroceptive spatial memories and the disruption of PC firing during rotation suggest that PCs may not be necessary for spatial cognition; this idea can be tested by recording during place-avoidance and preference tasks