Scheme for the preparation of the multi-particle entanglement in cavity QED

Here we present a quantum electrodynamics (QED) model involving a large-detuned single-mode cavity field and $n$ identical two-level atoms. One of its applications for the preparation of the multi-particle states is analyzed. In addition to the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, the W class states can also be generated in this scheme. The further analysis for the experiment of the model of $n=2$ case is also presented by considering the possible three-atom collision.Comment: 5 Pages, 1 Figure. Minor change

Delayed healthcare and secondary infections following freshwater stingray injuries: Risk factors for a poorly understood health issue in the Amazon

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the profile of freshwater stingray injuries in the State of Amazonas, Brazilian Amazon, and to identify the associated risk factors for secondary infections. Methods: This cross-sectional study used surveillance data from 2007 to 2014 to identify factors associated with secondary infections from stingray injuries. Results: A total of 476 freshwater stingray injuries were recorded, with an incidence rate of 1.7 cases/100,000 person/year. The majority of injuries were reported from rural areas (73.8%) and 26.1% were related to work activities. A total of 74.5% of patients received medical assistance within the first 3 hours of injury. Secondary infections and necrosis were observed in 8.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Work-related injuries [odds ratio (OR) 4.1, confidence interval (CI); 1.87-9.13] and >24 hours from a sting until receiving medical care (OR; 15.5, CI; 6.77-35.40) were independently associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection. Conclusions: In this study, work-related injuries and >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care were independently and significantly associated with the risk of secondary infection. The frequency of infection following sting injuries was 9%. The major factor associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection was a time period of >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care. © 2018, Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. All rights reserved

Local complications resulting from <i>Bothrops</i> snakebites.

<p>A) Envenoming on hand; this patient arrived 12 hours after the bite at the Hospital Municipal de Belterra, Pará, with swelling and serohaemorrhagic blisters on left upper limb and incoagulable blood. B) Severe envenoming on left hand; this patient arrived 24 hours after the bite at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, presenting compartmental syndrome in the left upper limb, requiring fasciotomy. C) Envenoming on left hand, patient arrived 24 hours after the bite at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, with an extensive area of edema and necrosis in the left upper limb and gangrene of the fourth finger. D) The same patient shown in C, after amputation of the fourth finger (in the healing phase).</p

Snakes species involved in biting humans in the Brazilian Amazon.

<p>Pictures of the eight main snake species responsible for bites in the Brazilian Amazon region are shown (A–H). <i>Bothrops atrox</i> (A) is implicated in most of the human snakebites registered in the Brazilian Amazon region (80%–90%), followed by <i>Lachesis muta</i> (E).</p

Main species of <i>Tityus</i> scorpions responsible for stings in the Brazilian Amazon.

<p>A) Female specimen of <i>Tityus obscurus</i>, the major species responsible for scorpion stings in the State of Pará. B) A male and a female <i>Tityus metuendus</i>, a species largely distributed in the Central and Western Amazon, especially in the Amazonas, Roraima, and Acre states. C) A male specimen of <i>Tityus silvestris</i>, a species found in the Southern Amazon.</p

Poor efficacy of preemptive amoxicillin clavulanate for preventing secondary infection from <i>Bothrops</i> snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: A randomized controlled clinical trial

<div><p>Background</p><p>Secondary bacterial infections from snakebites contribute to the high complication rates that can lead to permanent function loss and disabilities. Although common in endemic areas, routine empirical prophylactic use of antibiotics aiming to prevent secondary infection lacks a clearly defined policy. The aim of this work was to estimate the efficacy of amoxicillin clavulanate for reducing the secondary infection incidence in patients bitten by <i>Bothrops</i> snakes, and, secondarily, identify risk factors for secondary infections from snakebites in the Western Brazilian Amazon.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>This was an open-label, two-arm individually randomized superiority trial to prevent secondary infection from <i>Bothrops</i> snakebites. The antibiotic chosen for this clinical trial was oral amoxicillin clavulanate per seven days compared to no intervention. A total of 345 patients were assessed for eligibility in the study period. From this total, 187 accomplished the inclusion criteria and were randomized, 93 in the interventional group and 94 in the untreated control group. All randomized participants completed the 7 days follow-up period. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed <i>Bothrops</i> envenoming diagnosis in all participants. Primary outcome was defined as secondary infection (abscess and/or cellulitis) until day 7 after admission. Secondary infection incidence until 7 days after admission was 35.5% in the intervention group and 44.1% in the control group [RR = 0.80 (95%CI = 0.56 to 1.15; p = 0.235)]. Survival analysis demonstrated that the time from patient admission to the onset of secondary infection was not different between amoxicillin clavulanate treated and control group (Log-rank = 2.23; p = 0.789).Secondary infections incidence in 7 days of follow-up was independently associated to fibrinogen >400 mg/dL [AOR = 4.78 (95%CI = 2.17 to 10.55; p<0.001)], alanine transaminase >44 IU/L [AOR = 2.52 (95%CI = 1.06 to 5.98; p = 0.037)], C-reactive protein >6.5 mg/L [AOR = 2.98 (95%CI = 1.40 to 6.35; p = 0.005)], moderate pain [AOR = 24.30 (95%CI = 4.69 to 125.84; p<0.001)] and moderate snakebites [AOR = 2.43 (95%CI = 1.07 to 5.50; p = 0.034)].</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Preemptive amoxicillin clavulanate was not effective for preventing secondary infections from <i>Bothrops</i> snakebites. Laboratorial markers, such as high fibrinogen, alanine transaminase and C-reactive protein levels, and severity clinical grading of snakebites, may help to accurately diagnose secondary infections.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBec): <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/RBR-3h33wy" target="_blank">RBR-3h33wy</a>; UTN Number: <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/U1111-1169-1005" target="_blank">U1111-1169-1005</a>.</p></div