OVERVIEW OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING AND MACHINE TRANSLATION METHODS

U radu je dan pregled područja povezanog s procesiranjem prirodnih jezika i njihova međusobnog odnosa, počevši od šire domene kao što je umjetna inteligencija, putem strojnog učenja, računalne lingvistike, metoda strojnog prevođenja te posebice onih zasnovanim na dubokom učenju. Opisane su karakteristike, primjene, faze i glavni problemi obrade prirodnih jezika s leksičke, sintaktičke, semantičke, govorne i pragmatičke perspektive. Opisane su faze prepoznavanja i analize prirodnog jezika kao i faza generiranja prirodnih jezika. Postupci pre-editinga i post-editinga uz korištenje kontroliranih prirodnih jezika dani su kao primjeri prakse kojom se povećava točnost i kvaliteta automatskog prevođenja i općenito procesiranja teksta. Poseban je fokus stavljen na strojno prevođenje te metode strojnog prevođenja. Pristupi strojnom prevođenju kao statistički, temeljen na pravilima, hibridni i pristup temeljen na dubokom učenju opisani su i predstavljeni s obzirom na njihove prednosti i nedostatke i prikladnu primjenu u praksi. Na kraju su dani još uvijek neriješeni izazovi kao smjer daljnjih istraživanja vezanih uz obradu prirodnih jezika te značaj razvoja pristupa temeljenog na dubokom učenju.The paper provides an overview of areas related to the processing of natural languages and their interrelationships, starting from a broader domain such as artificial intelligence, through machine learning, computational linguistics, machine translation methods and especially those based on deep learning. The characteristics, applications, phases and main problems of natural language processing from the lexical, syntactic, semantic, speech and pragmatic perspective are described. The phases of natural language recognition and analysis as well as the natural language generation phase are described. Pre-editing and post-editing procedures using controlled natural languages are given as examples of practices that increase the accuracy and quality of automatic translation and text processing in general. Special focus is given to machine translation and machine translation methods. Approaches to machine translation as statistical, rule-based, example-based, hybrid and deep learning-based approach are described and discussed with regard to their advantages and disadvantages including appropriate application in practice. In the end, still unresolved challenges are given as a direction of future research related to natural language processing and the importance of further development of a deep learning-based approach

Ekstrakcija informacija i analiza sentimenta hotelskih recenzija u Hrvatskoj

Today, the amount of data in and around the business system requires new ways of data collection and processing. Discovering sentiments from hotel reviews helps improve hotel services and overall online reputation, as potential guests largely consult existing hotel reviews before booking. Therefore, hotel reviews of Croatian hotels (categories three, four, and five stars) in tourist regions of Croatia were studied on the Booking.com platform for the years 2019 and 2021 (before and after the start of the pandemic COVID-19). Hotels on the Adriatic coast were selected in the cities that were mentioned by several sources as the most popular: Rovinj, Pula, Krk, Zadar, Šibenik, Split, Brač, Hvar, Makarska, and Dubrovnik. The reviews were divided into four groups according to the overall rating and further divided into positive and negative in each group. Therefore, the elements that were present in the positive and negative reviews of each of the four groups were identified. Using the text processing method, the most frequent words and expressions (unigrams and bigrams), separately for the 2019 and 2021 tourism seasons, that can be useful for hotel management in managing accommodation services and achieving competitive advantages were identified. In the second part of the work, a machine learning (ML) model was built over all the collected reviews, classifying the reviews into positive or negative. The results of applying three different ML algorithms with precision and recall performance are described in the Results and Discussion section.U današnje vrijeme količina podatka koja se nalazi u poslovnom sustavu i oko njega zahtijeva nove načine prikupljanja i obrade podataka. Otkrivanje sentimenta iz hotelskih recenzija pridonosi poboljšanju hotelske usluge ali i ukupnoj online reputaciji budući da se potencijalni gosti prije rezervacije uvelike konzultiraju postojećim recenzijama smještaja. Na tragu toga, napravljeno je istraživanje nad hotelskim recenzijama hrvatskih hotela (kategorija tri, četiri i pet zvjezdica) u turističkim hrvatskim regijama sa platforme Booking.com, za godinu 2019 i 2021 (prije i poslije COVID 19 pandemije). Odabrani su hoteli sa Jadranske obale i to u gradovima koji su na više izvora odabrani kao najpopularniji: Rovinj, Pula, Krk, Zadar, Šibenik, Split, Brač, Hvar, Makarska te Dubrovnik Recenzije su grupirane u četiri grupe po ukupnom ratingu i dodatno podijeljene u svakoj grupi na pozitivne i negativne kako bi se identificirale stavke koje su prisutne u pozitivnim i negativnim recenzijama svake od četiri grupe. Metodom procesiranja teksta identificirane su najčešće riječi i izrazi (unigrami i bigrami) prisutni u spomenutim grupama recenzija, zasebno za 2019. i 2021. turističku sezonu, koje mogu poslužiti hotelskom menadžmentu kod upravljanja uslugama hotelskog smještaja i ostvarivanja konkurentske prednosti. U drugom dijelu rada, izrađen je model strojnog učenja nad svim prikupljenim recenzijama koji klasificira recenzije u pozitivne ili negativne. Rezultati primjene tri različita algoritma strojnog učenja sa performansama preciznosti i odziva opisani su u sekciji rezultati i diskusija

TQM – A WAY TO DIFFERENTIATION

Upravljanje kvalitetom obuhvaća sustavno korištenje različitih metoda, smjernica, tehnika i alata kako bi se, kroz postizanje visoke kvalitete proizvoda i procesa, zadovoljili zahtjevi korisnika i postigla konkurentna prednost te poslovni uspjeh. Buđenje svijesti o kvaliteti u svim poslovnim procesima osnovni je cilj TQM-a, a pretpostavlja orijentaciju na korisnika, kontinuirana poboljšanja i inovacije, timski rad, procesni pristup i dr. Tvrtka u kojoj su uspostavljeni takvi uvjeti poslovanja može prosperirati i stvarati proizvode koji se odlikuju kvalitetom i specifičnošću. Naglašava se da na ostvarivanju takvih uvjeta poslovanja ključnu ulogu ima vodstvo tvrtke. Tvrtke koje uspješno i kontinuirano provode principe TQM-a diferenciraju se na tržištu, stvaraju kvalitetne i prepoznatljive proizvode, imaju zadovoljne i vjerne klijente te motivirane zaposlenike.Quality management includes systematic usage of different methods, guidelines, techniques and tools in order to, through achievement of high quality products and processes, satisfy users’ demands and to achieve competitive advantages and business success. Raising the quality conscience in all business processes is a main goal of TQM, and it assumes users orientation, continuous improvement and innovations, teamwork, process approach et cetera. The company in which these aspects of business are achieved may prosper and create products that are distinguished by specific quality and uniqueness. The emphasis is that the business achievement of these conditions must come from company leadership. Companies that successfully and continuously implement TQM\u27s principles differentiate on the market; create high-grade and recognizable products, satisfied and loyal clients and motivated employees

QUALITY STANDARDS – STILL UNUSED POTENCIAL

Kvaliteta je danas vjerojatno riječ koja se najviše spominje u poslovnom svijetu, bez obzira o kojoj se ljudskoj djelatnosti radi. Upravljanje kvalitetom, sustavi kvalitete, totalna kvaliteta, alati za mjerenje kvalitete, standardi ili norme kvalitete i mnogi drugi pristupi i metode pomažu u nastojanju tvrtke da posluje uspješno u svim aspektima i segmentima. U radu će se dati pregled razloga nepotpune iskorištenosti potencijala poboljšanja u tvrtki koje uvođenje sustava kvalitete prema seriji normi ISO 9000 omogućava, te će se ukazati na uobičajene pogreške i propuste pri uvođenju sustava kvalitete ISO 9001. Pojasnit će se evolucija normi od prve do zadnje revizije i usporediti potencijalne koristi na poslovanje svake od verzija. Rad će dati pregled istraživanja koja dokazuju vezu između uspostave ISO 9001 sustava upravljanja kvalitetom i poboljšanim različitim aspektima u poslovanju. Navest će se niz smjernica i savjeta kako se pripremiti te uspješno provoditi uvođenje u tvrtku sustava kvalitete po ISO 9001, te kako uspješno nastaviti poslovanje nakon dobivanja certifikata. U radu su prezentirani i rezultati mjerenja stavova, prikupljeni na uzorku od 52 ispitanika s ciljem da se ispita razina informiranosti o učincima uvođenja normi u poslovanje, te da se ispita koliku važnost nosi korisniku posjedovanje certifikata tvrtke čije usluge i/ili proizvode koristi.Today, quality is a word that is probably most frequently mentioned in the business world, regardless of the human activity in question. Quality management, quality systems, total quality tools for measuring quality, quality standards and many other approaches and methods help a company to operate successfully in all its aspects and segments. This paper will review the reasons for incomplete utilization of potential for improvements in the company where a quality system according to the ISO 9000 series has been introduced, and common mistakes and failures in the implementation of the ISO 9001 quality system will be pointed out. The evolution of standards from the first to the last revision will be calrified and the potential benefits to the business of each version will be compared. The paper will give an overview of studies that prove a connection between the establishment of the ISO 9001 quality management system and the improvement of various aspects of the business. A number of guidelines and tips on how to prepare and successfully implement a quality system in accordance with the ISO 9001 will be mentioned as well as how to continue operations successfully after obtaining a certification. The paper presents the results of measurements of attitudes obtained on a sample of 52 subjects. The purpose has been to examine the level of their knowledge about the effects of the ISO 9001 standard introduction in business, and to investigate how important is to a user to hold a certification of the company whose services and / or products s/he uses

UPRAVLJANJE STRATEGIJOM ICT-A U GRAĐEVINSKIM TVRTKAMA

The main topic of the article is the role of the Information Communications Technology (ICT) in today’s business, especially in civil engineering companies. In particular, this article deals with the alignment of a new specific ICT strategy with a business strategy, presenting a significant problem and serious managerial challenge. ICT became a fundamental means not only for supporting operative business, but also for analyzing quality and decision-making, achieving performance, improving customers and suppliers’ relations, and finally, for increasing profit. With a purpose of scanning and discussing characteristics of ICT governance in one particular business domain – civil engineering, an original questionnaire was created and distributed among major Croatian civil engineering companies. The questions were set appropriately in order to discover ICT software packages that companies generally use in the implementation method of ICT solutions, managerial behavior and attitudes toward ICT management, the main problems and points of satisfaction from employers’ point of view.Glavna je tema ovog rada ispitivanje uloge informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (ICT) u današnjem poslovanju, a posebno u građevinskim tvrtkama. Točnije, radi se o istraživanju usklađenosti nove specifične strategije ICT-a s poslovnom strategijom, a to predstavlja značajan problem i ozbiljan menadžerski izazov. Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija postala je temeljno sredstvo ne samo za podupiranje operativnog posla, već se koristi i za analizu kvalitete i donošenje odluka, postizanje performansi, poboljšanje odnosa s kupcima i dobavljačima i na kraju za povećanje profita. S ciljem utvrđivanja stanja i obilježja upravljanja ICT-om u jednom određenom poslovnom području izrađen je anketni upitnik i distribuiran među najvećim hrvatskim građevinskim tvrtkama. Pitanja su postavljena na odgovarajući način kako bismo otkrili softverske pakete ICT-a koje tvrtke uglavnom koriste u postupku provedbe ICT rješenja, menadžerskom ponašanju i stavovima prema ICT menadžmentu te glavne probleme i točke zadovoljstva s gledišta poslodavaca

INTRODUCTION TO THE FORMALIZATION OF DATA MODELING METHOD

Ovaj članak daje pregled i opis problemskih područja započetog istraživanja. Pritom će se krenuti od predstavljanja kompleksnosti razvoja informacijskih sustava, njegovih faza razvoja, sudionika tog procesa te pregleda poznatih problematika u tom području. Faze koje su uže vezane uz istraživanje, dio faze analize te faza oblikovanja detaljnije su opisane uz navođenje neke od klasa metoda koje rezultiraju određenim artefaktom unutar same faze. Budući da je jedan od problema koji se navodi nedostatak formaliziranog znanja potrebnog za izradu modela podataka, u radu se navodi već postojeći pregled koncepata različitih metoda entiteta i veza koji se može daljnjim istraživanjem nadopuniti ili modificirati. Cilj rada je dati prijedlog odabira koncepata dane metode i pomoću njih stvoriti gramatiku konceptualnog modeliranja sa svrhom izgradnje konceptualnog modela te postupnu evoluciju u logički i fizički model. Artefakt koji se pritom posebno razmatra kao moguća domena, ali i kodomena djelovanja gramatike je rječnik podataka.This article provides an overview and a description of problem areas of an ongoing research. It will start with the presentation of the complexity of the information systems development, the stages of its development, the participants of the process and it will also provide an overview of known issues in this area. Stages that are closely related to this research, a part of the analysis phase and phase design are discussed citing some of the class methods that result in a certain artifact within the phase. Since one of the problems cited is a lack of formalized knowledge needed to create the data model, the paper presents an overview of existing concepts of different methods of entities and links that can be supplemented and modified by further research. The aim is to propose a possible selection of concepts of the given methods which can be used to create a conceptual modeling grammar for the purpose of building a conceptual model and a gradual evolution in the logical and physical model. The artifact which is particularly considered as a possible domain and codomain of grammar action is the data dictionary

POTPORA ODLUČIVANJU I POSLOVNA INTELIGENCIJA – ŠTO JE POTREBNO ZNATI?

Decision makers should have comprehensive knowledge to be able to make quality decisions. The development of intelligent technologies and specific supporting decision tools has been accelerated during the last ten years, so managers of all strategic levels should keep track of this development and have timely access to adequate modalities and quantity of knowledge necessary for the optimal business management. The domain of the required knowledge is broader at higher managerial positions, while at lower positions it becomes narrow so more profound knowledge of certain area is required. Consequently, managers should know what basic knowledge employees should develop on different hierarchical levels. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the domain of Decision Support Systems, which are, according to the authors, essential for understanding the importance and purpose of their usage. The following concepts have been discussed, due to their proved importance in Decision Support Systems, according to the previously analyzed corresponding literature: strategic methods, methods oriented to performance, measurements, techniques and specific tools. The paper elaborates on reasons of their usage, as well their interconnections. The dynamics of these concepts’ development during the last two decades has also been analyzed. The correlation analysis indicated which domains have been developed with similar dynamics. This review should serve as a guidebook for further analysis of the domain of concepts related to Decision Support System, but also to all individuals interested in gaining the complete insight into a wider area related to Decision Support Systems, including students, managers and others.Brojna su područja koja danas donositelji odluka moraju poznavati kako bi kontinuirano donosili kvalitetne odluke. Razvoj računalnih tehnologija i specifičnih alata za potporu odlučivanju u posljednjih deset godina sve je brži, a menadžeri na svim razinama moraju pratiti taj razvoj, raspolažući u svakom trenutku odgovarajućom vrstom i količinom znanja za optimalno upravljanje. Domena potrebnog znanja šira je na višim menadžerskim pozicijama, dok je na nižim pozicijama sužena, te se traži detaljnije i dublje znanje o nekom području. Dakle, potrebno je znati koja osnovna znanja trebaju posjedovati zaposlenici na različitim poslovnim razinama. Cilj ovog rada je dati pregled pojmova iz područja sustava za potporu u odlučivanju koje autorice drže nužnim za razumijevanje važnosti i svrhe korištenja takvih sustava. Promatrani su sljedeći pojmovi: strateške metode, metode orijentirane na izvedbu, mjerenja, skupovi tehnika i specifični alati. Pojmovi su izdvojeni zbog svoje dokazane važnosti u područjima vezanim uz potporu odlučivanju, a na temelju proučene literature iz tog područja. U radu je iznesena argumentacija odabira pojmova kao i njihova povezanost. Također je analizirana i dinamika pojavnosti tih pojmova kroz posljednja dva desetljeća. Analizom korelacije pokazano je koja su se područja razvijala sličnom dinamikom. Ovakav pregled trebao bi biti vodič za daljnje proučavanje predložene domene pojmova područja sustava za potporu odlučivanju, kao i svima onima koji žele dobiti cjelovit pogled na šire područje povezano s potporom odlučivanju, od studenata do menadžera

System for transformation of business specifications into entity-relationship model

Modeliranje podataka složen je proces koji zahtijeva znanje i iskustvo od dizajnera, a čija kvaliteta znatno utječe na izvedbu u narednim fazama razvoja informacijskog sustava. Karakteristike procesa modeliranja (složen, nealgoritamski, zahtijeva znanje i iskustvo dizajnera) čine ga prikladnim područjem za kreiranje sustava temeljenog na znanju (engl. Knowledge Based System – KBS). Ovim se radom prezentira KB sustav za potporu modeliranju podataka koji je baziran na verbalizaciji. Sustav će upotrebljavati znanje eksperata koje je formalizirano primjenom metoda formalnog jezika. Osnovna funkcionalnost sustava jest prevođenje poslovnog ili nekoga drugog opisa danog u kontroliranom prirodnom engleskom jeziku (engl. Controlled natural English – CEN) u model podataka izraženog u formalnom jeziku modela podataka. Za izvođenje svojih osnovnih funkcionalnosti upotrebljavat će kreiranu bazu znanja temeljenu na pravilima prevođenja primjenom metode raspoznavanja uzoraka. Cjelokupna baza znanja sastoji se od niza kreiranih artefakata (opisani teorijski i implementirani programskim kodom) koji su omogućili izgradnju osnovnog dijela sustava. Definirani artefakti jesu gramatike kontroliranog i formalnog jezika modela podataka (EARC jezik, engl. Entities Attributes Relations Cardinalities), kreiranje posebnog leksikona s nizom dodatnih EARC svojstava, sintaksna analiza kroz prepoznavač kojim se ispituje sintaksna ispravnost, niz pravila prevođenja te sustav postavljanja pitanja i dobivanja odgovora (engl. Question-Answering system – QA system) kojim će biti omogućena komunikacija s korisnikom. Na temelju pregleda relevantne literature te analize procesa modeliranja od strane eksperata definirani su osnovni elementi i funkcionalni zahtjevi KB sustava. Kroz prikaz arhitekture sustava detaljno su opisani svi njegovi dijelovi, korisnici te okolina sustava. Opisani su i priloženi osnovni algoritmi sintaksne analize i prevođenja. Prikazani su primjeri prevođenja s detaljnom analizom svakog koraka. Provedeno je testiranje prototipa sustava s analizom rezultata te su potvrđene postavljene hipoteze. Navedena su i ograničenja sustava i pravci budućeg istraživanja te je o njima diskutirano.Data modelling is a complex process which requires knowledge and experience from designers, whose quality has a significant impact on performance in the upcoming stages of information system development. The characteristics of the modelling process (complex, non-algorithmic, requiring knowledge and experience of designers) make it a suitable knowledge-based knowledge base (Knowledge-Based System – KBS). This dissertation presents a system based on data modelling support on verbalization. The system will use expert knowledge which is formalized using formal language methods, in verbalized form. The basic functionality of the system is to translate a business or other description given in Controlled Natural English (CEN) into a model of data expressed in the formal language of the data model. To perform its basic functionality, it will use a created knowledge-based approach using the form-recognition method. The entire knowledge base consists of a series of created artefacts (described in theoretical and implemented code) which have enabled the construction of the basic part of the system. The defined artefacts are the grammar of the controlled and formal language data model (EARC language, Entities Attributes Relations Cardinalities), the creation of a special lexicon with a series of additional EARC properties, syntactic analysis through a recognizer which examines syntax correctness, a set of translation rules, and the Question-Answering system(QA) which will enable communication with the user. Based on a review of the relevant literature and the analysis of the modelling process by the experts, the basic elements and functional requirements of the KB system were defined. Throughout the architecture of the system, all its parts, users and system environment are described in detail. Basic syntax analysis and translation algorithms are described and enclosed. Translation examples are shown with a detailed analysis of each step. Testing of a system prototype was carried out and the hypotheses were confirmed. Limitations of the system and directions for future research as well are enclosed and discussed

System for transformation of business specifications into entity-relationship model

Modeliranje podataka složen je proces koji zahtijeva znanje i iskustvo od dizajnera, a čija kvaliteta znatno utječe na izvedbu u narednim fazama razvoja informacijskog sustava. Karakteristike procesa modeliranja (složen, nealgoritamski, zahtijeva znanje i iskustvo dizajnera) čine ga prikladnim područjem za kreiranje sustava temeljenog na znanju (engl. Knowledge Based System – KBS). Ovim se radom prezentira KB sustav za potporu modeliranju podataka koji je baziran na verbalizaciji. Sustav će upotrebljavati znanje eksperata koje je formalizirano primjenom metoda formalnog jezika. Osnovna funkcionalnost sustava jest prevođenje poslovnog ili nekoga drugog opisa danog u kontroliranom prirodnom engleskom jeziku (engl. Controlled natural English – CEN) u model podataka izraženog u formalnom jeziku modela podataka. Za izvođenje svojih osnovnih funkcionalnosti upotrebljavat će kreiranu bazu znanja temeljenu na pravilima prevođenja primjenom metode raspoznavanja uzoraka. Cjelokupna baza znanja sastoji se od niza kreiranih artefakata (opisani teorijski i implementirani programskim kodom) koji su omogućili izgradnju osnovnog dijela sustava. Definirani artefakti jesu gramatike kontroliranog i formalnog jezika modela podataka (EARC jezik, engl. Entities Attributes Relations Cardinalities), kreiranje posebnog leksikona s nizom dodatnih EARC svojstava, sintaksna analiza kroz prepoznavač kojim se ispituje sintaksna ispravnost, niz pravila prevođenja te sustav postavljanja pitanja i dobivanja odgovora (engl. Question-Answering system – QA system) kojim će biti omogućena komunikacija s korisnikom. Na temelju pregleda relevantne literature te analize procesa modeliranja od strane eksperata definirani su osnovni elementi i funkcionalni zahtjevi KB sustava. Kroz prikaz arhitekture sustava detaljno su opisani svi njegovi dijelovi, korisnici te okolina sustava. Opisani su i priloženi osnovni algoritmi sintaksne analize i prevođenja. Prikazani su primjeri prevođenja s detaljnom analizom svakog koraka. Provedeno je testiranje prototipa sustava s analizom rezultata te su potvrđene postavljene hipoteze. Navedena su i ograničenja sustava i pravci budućeg istraživanja te je o njima diskutirano.Data modelling is a complex process which requires knowledge and experience from designers, whose quality has a significant impact on performance in the upcoming stages of information system development. The characteristics of the modelling process (complex, non-algorithmic, requiring knowledge and experience of designers) make it a suitable knowledge-based knowledge base (Knowledge-Based System – KBS). This dissertation presents a system based on data modelling support on verbalization. The system will use expert knowledge which is formalized using formal language methods, in verbalized form. The basic functionality of the system is to translate a business or other description given in Controlled Natural English (CEN) into a model of data expressed in the formal language of the data model. To perform its basic functionality, it will use a created knowledge-based approach using the form-recognition method. The entire knowledge base consists of a series of created artefacts (described in theoretical and implemented code) which have enabled the construction of the basic part of the system. The defined artefacts are the grammar of the controlled and formal language data model (EARC language, Entities Attributes Relations Cardinalities), the creation of a special lexicon with a series of additional EARC properties, syntactic analysis through a recognizer which examines syntax correctness, a set of translation rules, and the Question-Answering system(QA) which will enable communication with the user. Based on a review of the relevant literature and the analysis of the modelling process by the experts, the basic elements and functional requirements of the KB system were defined. Throughout the architecture of the system, all its parts, users and system environment are described in detail. Basic syntax analysis and translation algorithms are described and enclosed. Translation examples are shown with a detailed analysis of each step. Testing of a system prototype was carried out and the hypotheses were confirmed. Limitations of the system and directions for future research as well are enclosed and discussed

A Corpus-Based Sentence Classifier for Entity–Relationship Modelling

Automated creation of a conceptual data model based on user requirements expressed in the textual form of a natural language is a challenging research area. The complexity of natural language requires deep insight into the semantics buried in words, expressions, and string patterns. For the purpose of natural language processing, we created a corpus of business descriptions and an adherent lexicon containing all the words in the corpus. Thus, it was possible to define rules for the automatic translation of business descriptions into the entity–relationship (ER) data model. However, since the translation rules could not always lead to accurate translations, we created an additional classification process layer—a classifier which assigns to each input sentence some of the defined ER method classes. The classifier represents a formalized knowledge of the four data modelling experts. This rule-based classification process is based on the extraction of ER information from a given sentence. After the detailed description, the classification process itself was evaluated and tested using the standard multiclass performance measures: recall, precision and accuracy. The accuracy in the learning phase was 96.77% and in the testing phase 95.79%