Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Bi / Pb room temperature superconducting phases of Тс=291 К, 295 K obtained by solar energy

The purpose of the study is to obtain superconducting phases with Ts ≥ 260 K. The advanced “Solar Fast Alloys Quenching-T” technology obtained nanoscale precursors and ceramics of nominal composition Bi1.7Pb0.3 Sr2 Ca19Cu20Oy. The main crystalline phase in the precursors is the low-temperature superconducting phase Bi / Pb 2201. According to the ceramic technology, massive samples were obtained from the precursors by calcining at 840-851 oС, 3-120 hours. The microstructure, phase composition, critical temperature of the transition to the superconducting state Ts are investigated. The influence of the properties of precursors on the formation of layered microstructure of ceramics is determined. The obtained superconducting phases with the transition temperature to the superconducting state Ts = 290±5 K. The formation of superconducting phases is due to the influence of technology based on solar energy