456 research outputs found
On concentration of Ar-42 in the Earth's atmosphere
Data from the DBA liquid argon ionization chamber experiment have been used to obtain an estimate on the concentration of 42Ar in the Earth's atmosphere, View the MathML source6.8−3.2+1.7·10−21 atoms of 42Ar per atom of 40Ar corresponding to the 42Ar activity of View the MathML source1.2−0.5+0.3μBq per cubic meter of air
Learning to Follow Object-Centric Image Editing Instructions Faithfully
Natural language instructions are a powerful interface for editing the
outputs of text-to-image diffusion models. However, several challenges need to
be addressed: 1) underspecification (the need to model the implicit meaning of
instructions) 2) grounding (the need to localize where the edit has to be
performed), 3) faithfulness (the need to preserve the elements of the image not
affected by the edit instruction). Current approaches focusing on image editing
with natural language instructions rely on automatically generated paired data,
which, as shown in our investigation, is noisy and sometimes nonsensical,
exacerbating the above issues. Building on recent advances in segmentation,
Chain-of-Thought prompting, and visual question answering, we significantly
improve the quality of the paired data. In addition, we enhance the supervision
signal by highlighting parts of the image that need to be changed by the
instruction. The model fine-tuned on the improved data is capable of performing
fine-grained object-centric edits better than state-of-the-art baselines,
mitigating the problems outlined above, as shown by automatic and human
evaluations. Moreover, our model is capable of generalizing to domains unseen
during training, such as visual metaphors.Comment: Findings of EMNLP 2023 (Long paper
Semi-Analytic Stellar Structure in Scalar-Tensor Gravity
Precision tests of gravity can be used to constrain the properties of
hypothetical very light scalar fields, but these tests depend crucially on how
macroscopic astrophysical objects couple to the new scalar field. We develop
quasi-analytic methods for solving the equations of stellar structure using
scalar-tensor gravity, with the goal of seeing how stellar properties depend on
assumptions made about the scalar coupling at a microscopic level. We
illustrate these methods by applying them to Brans-Dicke scalars, and their
generalization in which the scalar-matter coupling is a weak function of the
scalar field. The four observable parameters that characterize the fields
external to a spherically symmetric star (the stellar radius, R, mass, M,
scalar `charge', Q, and the scalar's asymptotic value, phi_infty) are subject
to two relations because of the matching to the interior solution, generalizing
the usual mass-radius, M(R), relation of General Relativity. We identify how
these relations depend on the microscopic scalar couplings, agreeing with
earlier workers when comparisons are possible. Explicit analytical solutions
are obtained for the instructive toy model of constant-density stars, whose
properties we compare to more realistic equations of state for neutron star
models.Comment: 39 pages, 9 figure
Electrophysiological analysis of the cognitive component of social creativity in young males and females with different individual characteristics.
This article sets forth the problem of studying social creativity from the psychophysiological perspective. Presented here are the first experimental records of studying the cognitive component of social activity. This article describes the peculiar hemispheric activity during the resolution of interpersonal problems by students of different individual peculiarities and professional achievement levels. The author shows that when the solution to a verbal divergent task by young males and females of high creativity and professional achievement is reached, the frequency-spatial EEG indexes are higher in the parietal and frontal brain regions. In the solution of a convergent task, these indexes are higher in the frontal, central and cervical brain zones. In case of young males and females of low creativity and average and low levels of professional achievement, the solution of a convergent task is accompanied by increased EEG power in the central, frontal, parietal zones of both hemispheres.
Thus, the assessment of the psychophysiological mechanisms of the cognitive component in social activity has shown that a definite picture of hemispheric activation stipulates the peculiarities of divergent and convergent thinking in young males and females of various levels of creativity and professional success.
This difference, revealed at the initial stage of investigation, demands a deeper study of the phenomenon of social creativity in the professional training of a personality that is inclusive of this personality’s individual peculiarities
Sociocultural Norm Similarities and Differences via Situational Alignment and Explainable Textual Entailment
Designing systems that can reason across cultures requires that they are
grounded in the norms of the contexts in which they operate. However, current
research on developing computational models of social norms has primarily
focused on American society. Here, we propose a novel approach to discover and
compare descriptive social norms across Chinese and American cultures. We
demonstrate our approach by leveraging discussions on a Chinese Q&A platform
(Zhihu) and the existing SocialChemistry dataset as proxies for contrasting
cultural axes, align social situations cross-culturally, and extract social
norms from texts using in-context learning. Embedding Chain-of-Thought
prompting in a human-AI collaborative framework, we build a high-quality
dataset of 3,069 social norms aligned with social situations across Chinese and
American cultures alongside corresponding free-text explanations. To test the
ability of models to reason about social norms across cultures, we introduce
the task of explainable social norm entailment, showing that existing models
under 3B parameters have significant room for improvement in both automatic and
human evaluation. Further analysis of cross-cultural norm differences based on
our dataset shows empirical alignment with the social orientations framework,
revealing several situational and descriptive nuances in norms across these
cultures.Comment: EMNLP 2023 Main Conference (Long Paper
NormDial: A Comparable Bilingual Synthetic Dialog Dataset for Modeling Social Norm Adherence and Violation
Social norms fundamentally shape interpersonal communication. We present
NormDial, a high-quality dyadic dialogue dataset with turn-by-turn annotations
of social norm adherences and violations for Chinese and American cultures.
Introducing the task of social norm observance detection, our dataset is
synthetically generated in both Chinese and English using a human-in-the-loop
pipeline by prompting large language models with a small collection of
expert-annotated social norms. We show that our generated dialogues are of high
quality through human evaluation and further evaluate the performance of
existing large language models on this task. Our findings point towards new
directions for understanding the nuances of social norms as they manifest in
conversational contexts that span across languages and cultures.Comment: EMNLP 2023 Main Conference, Short Paper; Data at
https://github.com/Aochong-Li/NormDia
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