Comparison Between Deterministic and Stochastic Model for Interaction (COVID-19) With Host Cells in Humans

في هذا البحث ,تم اقتراح النموذج الحتمي والعشوائي لدراسة تفاعل فيروس كورونا (كوفيد -19) مع الخلايا المضيفة داخل جسم الانسان  .في النموذج الحتمي تحدد قيمة رقم الاستنساخ الأساسي  استمرار أو انقراض كوفيد-19.اذا كان رقم الاستنساخ الأساسي أقل من واحد   فأن خلية واحدة مصابة ستصيب أقل من خلية واحدة ,وهذا يعني ان الشخص الذي يحمل فيروس كورونا قد تم شفاؤه. اذا كان رقم الاستنساخ الاساسي اكبر من واحد  ستكون الخلية المصابة قادرة على القضاء على مجموعة الخلايا المستهدفة .في النموذج التصادفي , نثبت أنه اذا كانت المعلمات التصادفية  كبيرة بدرجة كافية فأن هذه المعلمات التصادفية تعطينا  الانقراض النهائي للمرض على الرغم من رقم الاستنساخ الاساسي اكبر من واحد . وقد تم أثبات هذه الحقائق أيضا من خلال المحاكاة الحاسوبية.In this paper, the deterministic and the stochastic models are proposed to study the interaction of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) with host cells inside the human body. In the deterministic model, the value of the basic reproduction number   determines the persistence or extinction of the COVID-19. If   , one infected cell will transmit the virus to less than one cell, as a result,  the person carrying the Coronavirus will get rid of the disease .If   the infected cell  will be able to infect  all  cells that contain ACE receptors. The stochastic model proves that if  are sufficiently large then maybe  give  us ultimate disease extinction although ,  and this  facts also proved by computer simulation

Assessment of rock slope stability and structurally controlled failures along Samma escarpment road, Asir Region (Saudi Arabia)

Samma escarpment road is located in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. It is located NW of Abha city. This escarpment road represents a major corridor in the area which connects different cities and touristic resorts in the region. It is descended from Sudah plateau at about 2700 m above sea level (asl) toward Wadi al Aws at about 1500 m asl. The total length of the road section is about 8 km which is passing through a highly mountainous area characterized by a complex geological and structural elements. This road has been exposed to frequent slope failures from time to time due to various factors such as intense rain storms, different geological and structural elements (weak rocks, shear zones, and faults), road characteristics (different horizontal/vertical curvatures and narrow road section), and human activities (uncontrolled rock cuts). Many sliding events have been documented along this escarpment road, particularly during and following rainstorms. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the geology and structures by applying the rock mass rating (RMR) and slope stability (structurally controlled failures) along the Samma escarpment road. The stability analysis was performed using two Dips and RockPack III programs with the help of RocLab software. The Summa escarpment rock cuts were classified into 51 stations which were investigated in detail. Results indicated that most rock stations are poor quality, and 31, 32, and 41 stations are stable, 4, 6, and 7 stations are marginally stable, and 16, 13, and 3 stations are potentially unstable due to planar, wedge, and toppling failures, respectively. Finally, different recommendations and remediation methods were suggested as mitigation measures

EXTRACTION-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SOME ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS USING TWO SULPHONPHTHALEIN DYES

Objective: Two simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the determination of some antihypertensive drugs namely, bisoprolol (BIS), carvedilol (CAR), propranolol (PRP) and telmisartan (TLM) either in pharmaceutical formulations or biological fluids. Methods: The proposed methods involve the formation of yellow colored ion-pair complexes of the studied drugs with two sulphonphthalein dyes as bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol purple (BCP) in acidic medium. Results: The colored products are extracted into methylene chloride and measured spectrophotometrically at 402 nm for all the drugs. Beer's law limits, Sandell sensitivity values, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values have also been reported for both the methods. The composition of the ion-pair complexes was found 1: 1 by Jobʼs continuous variations method. The effects of concentration of dye, pH and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated on intra-day and inter-day basis; the relative standard deviation (RSD) was<1.72%. Various analytical parameters have been evaluated and the results have been validated by statistical data and indicated no significant difference in accuracy and precision. Conclusion: The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. Keywords: Antihypertensive drugs, Sulphonphthalein dyes, Ion-pair, Pharmaceuticals

Necessary Usage of Antibiotics in Animals

Animals could become sick at any time of their lives, just like all people exposed. Many of the antibiotics administered to animals are identical to or closely drugs used in human. All animal species in general and food-producing animals, in particular, are commonly exposed to antibiotics to treat and prevent infectious diseases or to promote growth. Antibiotics would not be necessary if animals were raised differently under good veterinary and husbandry practices that were less crowded and more sanitary. The proper and responsible use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine mandate an active cooperation between all the interested parties involved in livestock production cycles. All parties are invited to act together to ensure the ultimate goals of maintaining the efficacy and safety of veterinary antibiotics and complying the established maximum residue limits (MRLs) of the products of animal origin intended for human consumption. Antibiotics as hazardous substances should be applied and directed during the different steps starting from prescription until ensuring the withdrawal period under the supervision of professionals and veterinarians. Practices indicated that there is a need to improve sensitivity testing services and facilities before prescribing the proper antibiotic

Bioactivity of Samsum ant (Pachycondyla sennaarensis) venom against lipopolysaccharides through antioxidant and upregulation of Akt1 signaling in rats

BACKGROUND: This study aimed at investigating the oxidative stress ameliorating effect, lipids profile restoration, and the anti-inflammatory effect of Samsum Ant Venom (SAV) in induced endotoxemic male rats, injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). RESULTS: Results revealed that LPS significantly increased the oxidative stress indications in LPS-injected rats. A significant increase of both malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), as well as a significant suppression of glutathione were all detected. Treatment with 100 μg/kg dose of SAV significantly restored the oxidative stress normal indications and increased the total glutathione levels. Treatment of the LPS-rats with 100 μg/kg dose of SAV showed a clear anti-inflammatory function; as the histological architecture of the hepatic tissue was partially recovered, along with a valuable decrease in the leukocytes infiltrated the hepatic tissues. Treatment of some rat groups with 600 μg/kg dose of SAV after LPS injection induced a severe endotoxemia that resulted in very high mortality rates. SAV versus the effects of LPS on AKT1, Fas, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression. SAV was found to significantly lower Fas gene expression comparing to the LPS group and restore the level of IFN-γ mRNA expression to that of the control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, SAV, at the dose of 100 μg/kg body weight, maintained and restored the oxidative stability, the anti-inflammatory, and the hypolipidemic bioactivity in rats after induced disruption of these parameters by LPS injection. This improvement by SAV was mediated by upregulation of AKT1

Is spinopelvic sagittal alignment correlated with pain level, functional disability and frontal plane projection angle in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome? A cross-sectional study

There is a growing interest concerning the understanding of measurements of spinal and leg alignment in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). However, evaluating spinopelvic alignment in the sagittal plane with pain level, functional disability and frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) in PFPS has not been adequately addressed. The aim of the study was to identify the correlation of spinopelvic parameters with pain level, functional disability and frontal plane projection angle in women with PFPS. This was a cross–sectional study involving sixty female patients diagnosed with PEPS, with a mean age of 32±6.47. The measurements used in the study included: radiographic parameters (X-Ray), the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), the Arabic anterior knee pain scale (AAKP/Kujala) and the 2D-FPPA. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between these parameters. The results of our study demonstrated a strong positive correlation of lumbar lordosis (LL) with pain level and FPPA (r=0.825, r=0.812, p=0.0001). Also, a strong positive correlation of sacral slope (SS) with pain level (r = 0.0.820) and FPPA (r= 0.783). Pelvic tilt (PT) showed a moderate correlation with pain level (r = 0.0.614) and FPPA (r= 0.605), while a weak negative correlation was found between LL, SS and PT and functional disability score (r=-0.397, r=-0.385 and, r=-0.215 p=0.002). It was concluded that LL, SS and PT were significantly related to the pain level, functional disability and frontal plane projection angle in women with PFPS. These spinal alignments should be considered in clinical evaluation of knee-related disorders associated with PFPS

CLOVE OR GREEN TEA ADMINISTRATION ANTAGONIZES KHAT HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Objective: Khat consumption has become a common problem that affects the health aspects of life in Yemen and other parts in the world. The liver has been suspected to be particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of khat use and until now khat hepatotoxicity effects are still controversial. This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extracts of clove and green tea, as medicinal herbs with established antioxidant properties, against controversial hepatotoxicity effects of khat in rats. Methods: Rats received a daily oral dose of khat extract alone or in combination with green tea or clove extract for six weeks. To study the effects on liver cells, histopathology, routine liver function tests, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were investigated. Results: Khat administration showed marked liver injury; congestion in the portal vein with fibrous tissue proliferation, extended from the portal area and forming intralobular Porto-portal bridging fibrous septae. Besides significant routine liver function tests alterations, lipid peroxides elevation, and TAC reduction with significant inhibition of SOD and CAT activities. Conclusion: Combined administration of khat with clove or green tea protected hepatocytes via oxidative stress inhibition. They significantly counteracted the alterations in liver function tests, decreased lipid peroxidation and restored the antioxidant status to near normal levels. These results confirm khat hepatotoxicity and suggest that clove or green tea administration has strong hepatoprotective effects against khat induced hepatotoxicity in rats via antioxidant mediated mechanism.Â