HPLC ANALYSIS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES STUDIES OF TRUNK BARKS OF ACACIA NILOTICA VAR ADANSONII (GUILL AND PERR) O KTZE (MIMOSACEAE)

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract and fractions of the trunk bark of Acacia nilotica. Methods: A maceration of the powder of the trunks barks of the plant was realized. Then the aqueous macerate obtained was fractionated with dichloromethane, butanol and ethyl acetate successively. The phenolic compounds of the aqueous extract, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were identified by HPLC/DAD. Lipoxygenase and phospholipase inhibition tests with the aqueous extract and the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were carried out. The anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract was assessed in vivo by the anti-edema test with carrageenan and the analgesic test with acetic acid at different doses (200 mg/ml; 400 mg/ml; 600 mg/ml). Aspirin (200 mg/ml) and paracetamol (200 mg/ml) were used as a reference. Results: The HPLC/DAD analysis of the extracts revealed that gallic acid is the most abundant phenol acid in the extracts. The aqueous extract inhibited lipoxygenase (IC50 = 18.32±1.18 μg/ml), phospholipase (11.44±0.32% per 100 μg/ml) and cyclooxygenase (56.48±0.29% for 100 μg/ml) as well as its tested fractions. It also reduced edema and pain in the mice by more than 50% from the 400 mg/ml dose. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica has anti-inflammatory properties. Hence its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of inflammation

Spasmolytic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Sterculia setigera Delile on Isolated Rat Trachea

The spasmolytic properties of aqueous extract of Sterculia setigera was tested on Rat isolated trachea. Inhibition of the contraction was observed in presence of the aqueous extract (EC50 = 0.91mg/mL ± 0.02) after a pre contraction of the trachea by acetylcholine (10-5M). In the presence of propranolol (10-6M), the spasmolytic activity of the extract was inhibited. The EC50 value was 0.46mg/mL ± 0,11. The aqueous extract of Sterculia setigera also inhibited contraction induced by KCl (4.10-2 M) with EC50 value = 1.9mg/mL ± 0.48).  These results clearly show a relaxing effect of aqueous extract of Sterculia setigera on the trachea isolated from rat. This effect involves at least in part β-adrenergic receptor inhibition

Production de matières premières et fabrication des médicaments à base de plantes médicinales

Les plantes constituent un réservoir pour les pharmacopées du monde. Plusieurs médicaments importants sont fabriqués à partir des substances actives d’origine végétales. En outre de nombreux médicaments modernes ont été fabriqués à partir de ces matières premières. Les plantes médicinales sont utilisées directement sous forme fraîche, sèche ou transformée, stabilisée, ou extrait ou formulée avec d’autres plantes ou excipients de synthèse. Dans tous les cas, la matière végétale utilisée pour fabriquer la forme posologique doit faire preuve de son efficacité, son innocuité et être de qualité conforme aux exigences de la Pharmacopée Européenne pour les phytomédicaments, garantissant ainsi sa sécurité d’emploi. Pour ce faire, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a mis à la disposition des états membres des guides et standards permettant d’harmoniser et de sécuriser leur utilisation. Ainsi de nombreux pays africains ont adopté ces outils après des modifications appropriées pour faire progresser la recherche et le développement (R&D) de médicaments à base de plante. Le but de ce travail était de faire une synthèse des différentes étapes de production, de contrôle qualité et de  standardisation des matières premières issues des plantes médicinales et des médicaments à base de plantes médicinales.Mots clés : Pharmacopée, médicaments, médecine traditionnelle, sécurité d’emploi, phytomédicaments. English title: Production of raw materials and manufacturing of drugs from medicinal plants Plants are a reservoir for the world's pharmacopoeias. Several important medicines are made from active substances of plant origin. In addition, many modern medicines have been made from these raw materials. Medicinal plants are used directly in fresh, dry or processed, stabilized, or extracted form or formulated with other plants or synthetic excipients. In all cases, the herbal material used to manufacture the dosage form must demonstrate its efficacy, safety and be of a quality that meets the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for phytomedicines, thus ensuring its safe use. To this end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has made available to Member States guides and standards to harmonize and secure their use. Thus, many African countries have adopted these tools after appropriate modifications to advance research and development (R&D) of plant-based drugs. The aim of this work was to make a synthesis of the different stages of production, quality control and standardization of raw materials from medicinal plants and herbal medicines.Keywords: Pharmacopoeia, drugs, traditional medicine, safe use, phytomedicines

Preliminary studies of acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Guibourtia tessmannii (Harms) J. Leonard stem barks (Caesalpiniaceae) in mice and rats

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the toxicity of aqueous extract of Guibourtia tessmannii (Harms) J. Leonard (G. tessmannii) and evaluate its safety.MethodsNMRI mice were used to determine the acute toxicity of G. tessmannii. Increasing concentrations of the plant extracts were administered intraperitoneally or by force-feeding. General behavior and death were monitored and recorded daily for 7 days. In order to determine the sub-acute toxicity of the extract, several doses were administered by oral gavage daily for 28 days in adult Wistar rats. Different parameters were assessed including body weight, food and water intake, biochemical parameters and several vital organ weights.ResultsLD50 of 328.78 mg/kg was obtained by i.p. route and more than 5000 mg/kg was obtained in acute toxicity by oral route. In sub-acute toxicity, no significant alteration was observed in body weight or vital organs, food and water intake, and biochemical parameters.ConclusionsThe results showed that the aqueous extract of G. tessmannii has low toxicity intraperitoneally and no sub-acute toxicity via oral intake

SPASMOLYTIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MIXTURE FROM AFRAMOMUMUM MELEGUETA (K SCHUM) – CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (CHRISTM AND PANZER) ON ISOLATED TRACHEA FROM RAT

The spasmolytic properties of the aqueous extract of Aframomum melegueta (K Schum) and Citrus aurantifolia (Christm and Panzer) (AMCA) mixture were tested on isolated rat trachea. Inhibition of the contraction was observed the in presence of the AMCA (EC 50 = 1.80 ± 0.48 mg/mL) after a pre contraction of the trachea by acetylcholine (10 -5 M). With propranolol (10 -6 M), the spasmolytic activity of the mixture was inhibited and the concentration-response curve shifted to the right. The EC50 value was then 2.60 ± 0.41 mg/mL. AMCA also inhibited contraction induced by KCl (4.10 -2 M) with EC50 value = 1.86 ± 0.65 mg/mL. These results clearly show the relaxing effect of the aqueous extract on the isolated rat trachea. This effect involved some β-adrenergic receptor inhibition

Pharmacological study of trunk bark of Acacia nilotica var adansonii (Guill et Perr).o Ktze (Mimosaceae): Assays, antioxidant and antispasmodic activities

Aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro polyphenols content, antioxidant and antispasmodic properties of the aqueous extract and fractions of the trunk bark of Acacia nilotica. According to a survey conducted in rural Burkina Faso, Acacia nilotica var. adansonii (Guill and Perr). Ktze reported to be widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diarrhoea and parasitosis. A maceration of the powder of the trunk bark of the plant was carried out. Then the aqueous macerate obtain, was fractionated with dichloromethane, butanol and ethyl acetate successively. The phenolic compounds of the aqueous extract, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions was determinated. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract and fractions was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests. The contractility test on smooth muscle was realized according to Magnus method. Assay of the extracts revealed a high content of polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids. The aqueous extract, the butanol fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated a high antioxidant capacity. Aqueous extract showed a better antispasmodic effect of acetylcholine contraction induction at 1 μM (IC50 = 13.02 μg / mL) and for BaCl2 at 160 μg / mL (IC50 = 117.2 μg / mL). The aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica and his fractions had antioxidant properties. Only aqueous extract proven better antispasmodic property. Hence its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of diarrhoea. Keywords: Acacia nilotica, Antioxidant, Antispasmodi

Quality control and standardization of FACA® syrup

Sickle cell disease is a major public health problem. It is the first genetic disease in the world. FACA syrup offers an alternative treatment. It is a dry powder preparation of two components, the roots barks of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae) Zepernick, Timler and Calotropis procera. Ait. R.B.r. (Asclepiadaceae). The product was developed at Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) from a traditional recipe used in Burkina Faso for treatment of sickle cell crises. This study aimed to establish physical-chemical, pharmaco technical and microbiological control parameters essential for the standardization of the phytomedicine. This valuation concerned specifications of moisture content, pH, the fingerprint by thin layer chromatography, pesticide residues, heavy metal content, microbial quality, and total ash. These charcteristics were determined by the methods prescribed by the World Health Organization (1998) and the European Pharmacopoeia 6th edition. The results have shown that dry syrups and reconstituted syrups were sweet, slightly spicy with a bitter after taste, a white room color and a faint odor. The density at the preparation was 0.985 and the pH was 5.93. After 2 months of storage in the laboratory, the organoleptic parameters of the reconstituted syrups have not changed. They were mold free, the density remained around 1 and the pH between 5 and 4. These parameters have shown that the quality of plants powders and these medicine comply with the recommendations of the European pharmacopoeia. Faca syrup may contribute to the better management of sickle cell disease in children

PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS FOR THE RELAXANT EFFECT OF THE HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF TAPINANTHUS DODONEIFOLIUS ON RAT TRACHEA

The present study was designed to investigate the blocking of calcium by the hydroalcoholic extract of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (Tapidod), "in vitro", on rat trachea. To evaluate this effect, the contractile activity of tracheal chains from Wistar Kyoto rats was isometrically recorded. On the isolated tracheal rings the extract produced the following effects: (a) a reduction of the contraction obtained by BaCl2, (b) a bronchorelaxing action, on strips precontracted by KCl, which was not influenced by TEA (3x10-3 M), (c) a concentration-dependent decrease of the spasm evoked by calcium chloride (CaCl2) in K+-rich Ca2+-free physiological salt solution, before and after intracellular calcium depletion (d), an inhibitory effect on contraction induced by acetylcholine in Ca2+-free Krebs-Heinseleit solution supplemented with EDTA (5x10-4M). It is concluded that: 1. The activation of the potassium channels does not play a significant role in the relaxant effect of Tapidod. 2. The antispasmodic property of Tapidod seems to be mediated by the blockade of intracellular Ca2+ release. 3. Most likely an inhibition of the intracellular Ca2+-regulating proteins is involved

Research Paper - PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS FOR THE RELAXANT EFFECT OF THE HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF TAPINANTHUS DODONEIFOLIUS ON RAT TRACHEA

The present study was designed to investigate the blocking of calcium by the hydroalcoholic extract of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (Tapidod), "in vitro" on rat trachea. To evaluate this effect, the contractile activity of tracheal chains from Wistar Kyoto rats was isometrically recorded. On the isolated tracheal rings the extract produced the following effects: (a) a reduction of the contraction obtained by BaCl2, (b) a bronchorelaxing action, on strips precontracted by KCl, which was not influenced by TEA (3x10-3 M), (c) a concentration-dependent decrease of the spasm evoked by calcium chloride (CaCl2) in K+-rich Ca2+-free physiological salt solution, before and after intracellular calcium depletion (d), an inhibitory effect on contraction induced by acetylcholine in Ca2+-free Krebs-Heinseleit solution supplemented with EDTA (5x10-4M). It is concluded that: 1. The activation of the potassium channels does not play a significant role in the relaxant effect of Tapidod. 2. The antispasmodic property of Tapidod seems to be mediated by the blockade of intracellular Ca2+ release. 3. Most likely an inhibition of the intracellular Ca2+-regulating proteins is involved