Clinical and microscopic correlation of abnormal vaginal discharge

Background: Vaginal discharge in the reproductive age group is the most common complaint encountered everyday both by gynaecologists and general practitioners. The prevalence of vaginal discharge in India is estimated to be 30%. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause, followed by Candidiasis and Trichomonasis. Aims and objectives of the study were to correlate clinical and microscopic methods for diagnosing abnormal vaginal discharge and to find out the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in our set up.Methods: The study was carried out in Gynaecological OPD of VIMS, Ballari. After thorough history and gynecological examination, three samples were collected from the posterior fornix of vagina using sterile cotton swabs. The first swab was used to detect trichomonas vaginalis using wet mount microscopy. The second swab was used to determine amine/fishy odour (Whiff test). The third swab was used for gram staining to diagnose Bacterial vaginosis and Candida. The Gram-stained slides was evaluated using Nugent’s scoring system for detection of BV.Results: Bacterial vaginosis constitutes the most common cause of vaginal discharge, followed by Candidiasis and then Trichomoniasis in our set up. The sensitivity of clinical diagnosis is 71.93%, 88.9%, and 33.3% and specificity are 54.65%, 92.15% and 99.49% for Bacterial vaginosis, Candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis respectively.Conclusions: The most ideal approach is the microbiological approach for the etiological diagnosis of symptomatic vaginal discharge. The most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge is Bacterial vaginosis followed by Candidiasis and Trichomoniasis

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy- a study in tertiary care centre and medical college in Hubli, North Karnataka, India

Background: Post-partum haemorrhage is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence, predisposing factors & associated complications and outcome of emergency peripartum hysterectomy.            Methods: It is a prospective analysis of emergency peripartum hysterectomy conducted at tertiary care centre at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India between June 2013 to December 2015. Age, parity, traumatic or atonic PPH, risk factors, complications were all studied in detail and analysed.               Results: 43 women underwent peripartum hysterectomy among 28,620 deliveries, accounting to an incidence of 0.15%. Incidence of subtotal hysterectomy after caesarean delivery was higher as compared to vaginal deliveries. The common indications were uterine atony (46.5%), uterine rupture of scared and unscared uterus (44.1%), placenta previa of major degree and sepsis (6.9%). Post-operatively 13 patients developed DIC (30.2%), 5 patients developed febrile illness (11.6%), 5 patients of ruptured uterus experienced injury to the bladder (11.6%). Maternal mortality in this study was 13.9%.Conclusions: Hysterectomy is a lifesaving procedure to control postpartum hemorrhage, but is associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Uterine atony, uterine ruptures, also due to prior caesarean delivery, placenta previa were identified as risk factors. The incidence in this part of Karnataka was found to be significantly high due to referral cases from neighboring 5 government district hospitals. Hence only proper awareness, timely referral and correction of anemia are the key factors to be addressed to this part of the state

Case series of Foley’s induction in patients with previous caesarean

Background: The objective of this study was to study the efficacy of intracervical Foley’s catheter induction in women with previous history of caesarean section and to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcome of these pregnancies.Methods: It is a prospective analysis of 30 patients whose labour was induced by intracervical Foley’s bulb for VBAC delivery. This study was conducted in KIMS, Hubli. Age, parity, indication of previous caesarean, inter-pregnancy interval and outcome of index pregnancy were studied in detail and analysed.Results: 30 women with previous history of caesarean were included into the study. Various indications of induction during index pregnancies were- post-datism, IUGR, intra-uterine foetal demise and severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Out of 30 women, 18 (60%) had successful VBAC delivery, 12 (40%) underwent repeat LSCS. 19 cases needed augmentation of labour. Indications for caesarean section were failed induction in 5 (16.6%) women, threatened scar rupture in 3 (10%), non-progress of labour in 2 (6.6%) and meconium stained amniotic fluid in 2 (6.6%). No cases of uterine rupture or maternal mortality was noted in the study.Conclusions: In our study the rate of vaginal birth was 60% without major maternal complications. Hence intracervical Foley’s catheter is an effective, safe and acceptable for labour induction in women with previous caesarean

ANTI HYPERGLYCAEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CATUNAREGAM SPINOSA (THUNB) AGAINST DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

Objective: The study was aimed at evaluating the folkloric use of the Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb) bark for its hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity against dexamethasone-induced diabetes in wistar rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in wistar rats by dexamethasone administration 10 mg/kg, b. wt., s. c for 11 consecutive days to all group animals (except Group I). After confirmation of diabetes, the animals were divided into 5 groups (n=6). Group I: Vehicle control treated with normal saline only, Group II: Diabetic control treated with dexamethasone only, Group III: Standard control treated with dexamethasone plus glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, b. wt., p. o), Group IV and V: Test control received dexamethasone plus ethanolic extract of Catunaregam spinosa (EECS) at graded doses of 200 mg/kg, b. wt. and 400 mg/kg, b. wt., p. o for 21days respectively. On the last day of the experiment, the effect of Catunaregam spinosa bark was measured by estimating the biochemical and antioxidant parameters. Results: There was a significant alteration in the serum glucose, HbA1c, total proteins, serum lipid profile and tissue antioxidant parameters in dexamethasone-treated animals when compared to the normal control rats. In test groups treated with glibenclamide and EECS, it was significantly ameliorated the altered parameters such as serum glucose, HbA1c, total proteins, serum lipid profile and the antioxidant parameters like SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA when compared to dexamethasone-treated animals with evidence of histopathological studies of the pancreas. Conclusion: The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of Catunaregam Spinosa (Thunb) bark has shown the hypoglycemic and antioxidant property

Numerical Simulation of Waves and Calculation of Hydrodynamic characteristics Over different seawalls

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Quantitative Estimation of Langerhans Cells in Normal Oral Mucosa, Inflammatory Mucositis, Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma using Cd1a Antibody: An Immunohistochemical study

BACKGROUND: Langerhans cells are antigen presenting cells that are usually present in the suprabasal layer of oral epithelium. These langerhans cells in the oral epithelium recognize the antigens, pathogens and tumor associated antigens which they encounter at the epithelial interface, process them and present them to the naïve T cells present in the lymph node there by activating the immune response. When there is a disturbance in tissue homeostasis due to infection, inflammation, dysplasia or neoplasia the langerhans cells are actively participating in eliminating these antigens by activation of cell mediated immunity thereby causing variation in their number and distribution. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively estimate the langerhans cells using CD1a primary antibody in normal oral mucosa, inflammatory mucositis, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma and to compare the estimated number of langerhans cells among the study groups and with that of control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an inter observational study including a total of 40 samples (10 normal mucosa, 10 inflammatory mucositis, 10 oral epithelial dysplasia and 10 well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma cases). Immunohistochemical expression of CD1a was analyzed in formalin fixed paraffin embedded blocks of histopathologically confirmed cases using CD1a antibody. Counting of positive cells was done on all slides and the mean langerhans cell count was obtained and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant variation in the number of CD1a positive langerhans cells between the samples of normal oral mucosa, inflammatory mucositis, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. The number of CD1a positive cells was lowest in normal mucosa, followed by inflammatory mucositis, oral epithelial dysplasia and was highest in well differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results were statistically significant among all the groups except between inflammatory mucositis and oral epithelial dysplasia which was not statistically significant although their number was increased. CONCLUSION: The observations from the present study shows that langerhans cell infiltration is prognostically important in inflammatory, dysplastic as well as neoplastic diseases confirming that these cells may act as important immune factors that function as antigen presenting cells in the defense mechanism. The langerhans cell number increased in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma compared to the dysplastic lesions. The extent of langerhans cell infiltration in tumor-associated stroma is correlated with better prognosis in terms of recurrence and overall survival rate

Evaluation of adverse drug reactions of anti-tubercular drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis in tertiary care hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions are very common among patients on anti-tubercular treatment. Hence, the current study was done to evaluate the adverse drug reaction (ADR) profile in patients receiving anti-tubercular treatment (ATT).Methods: A 6 months prospective, cross-sectional observational study was performed in collaboration with Pulmonology Medicine department. WHO-UMC scale and Naranjo scale was used to evaluate the ADRs.Results: Ninety-two patients receiving ATT presented with 113 adverse drug events (ADE). Males were more affected than females. DOTS category-1 regimen was mostly responsible for ADE. Addition of drugs for the management of ADR events was done.Conclusions: The study results show more ADRs related to ATT demanding increased collaboration between NTEP 2020 and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India to enhance drug safety in this field

Crowd Monitoring System

In this time when COVID-19 is expanding quickly, it is imperative to keep a separation from one another and avoid the group in this manner we can diminish the infection spread. Numerous individuals, deliberately or accidentally, gather and meander in the city. Screen every one of these exercises is intense. Our Smart COVID-19 Crowd Detection Camera using Computer Vision Technique will watch out for all exercises and distinguish any group on the spot. The gadget additionally can alarm the concerned authority about unnecessary social affairs. A functioning reconnaissance framework can recognize the distance among people and caution them in this manner we can diminish the spread of dangerous illnesses