The Effect of Gamma-Irradiated Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in Decreasing the In Vitro Production of Methane by Buffalo Rumen Liquid

Ruminant livestock undeniably contributes to the increase of greenhouse gases by emitting methane. One strategy used to reduce methane emission is by applying nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB). Utilizing active NRB has a side effect of acidosis in rumen liquid in an uncontrolled condition. Alternatively, NRB can be applied in an inactive form. The aim of this study was to examine the use of gamma irradiation on NRB to be used for decreasing methane production by buffalo rumen liquid. The examination was performed in vitro and involved comparison to other treatments, which were active NRB, autoclaved NRB, and without NRB. The result showed that the NRB in either active or the inactive conditionaffected fermentation of the rumen microorganisms. There were differences in pH values, digestibility of organic matters, ammonia, total and partial volatile fatty acids, and methane production between all treatments after 24 and 48 h of incubation. All treatments showed significant differences for each parameter, except for the gas production (p ≤ 0.05). The irradiated NRB produced slightly more methane, i.e. 3.0 and 10.4 ml/200 mg after 24 and 48 h incubation, respectively, compared to the active NRB, autoclaved NRB, and no-NRB-addition treatments, i.e., 2.0 and 8.0; 7.8 and 11.7; 8.0 and 12.4 ml/200 mg, respectively. In conclusion, the irradiated NRB has a potency as a supplement feed for buffaloes to reduce methane production without the risk of acidosis in the rumen liquid

Profil Protein Escherichia Coli Hasil Inaktivasi Iradiasi Gamma Sebagai Bahan Vaksin Mastitis

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil protein Escherichia coli hasil iradiasi gammasebagai bahan vaksin mastitis inaktif. Kultur sel (108 sel/ml) diinaktivasi dengan dosis radiasisebesar 600, 700, 800, 900 dan 1000 Gy. Kultur sel dianalisis kandungan protein intraselulardan ekstraselular dengan metode Lowry. Profil protein dianalisis dengan menggunakan SDSPAGEdengan konsentrasi gel 10% dan standar berat molekul kisaran 10 – 220 kDa. Hasilpercobaan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi Perubahan kadar protein intraselular danekstraselular secara signifikan dengan semakin tingginya dosis iradiasi, demikian pula denganjumlah pita protein, tetapi intensitas setiap pita menunjukkan adanya perbedaan. Perbedaanintensitas protein tertinggi terjadi pada dosis 900 dan 1000 Gy. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwairadiasi gamma mampu menginaktivasi sel bakteri tetapi tidak merusak protein secara totalsebagai salah satu bahan antigen vaksin

Current Status and Recent Achievements of the Sterile Insect Technique Program Against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti, in Indonesia

Given the facts that Indonesia has suitable environment condition to survival, reproduction and development of the principal mosquito vector for dengue virus, Aedes aegypti, the transmission of dengue virus does routinely occur every year. The sterile insect technique (SIT) as one of the techniques in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) has been developed to control Aedes aegypti population since 2004. The first 5 years of the program (2004-2009) was focused on mass rearing facility establishment. The lab-work study for the entomological data and field trials were performed in 2010-2014. In 2014-2019, the program was addressed to enhance the mass rearing facility to increase sterile male production and strengthening the networking throughout the involvement in the regional and interregional program coordinated by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The main future challenge of the SIT program against Aedes aegypti is developing the capacity building and strong commitment of all stakeholders i.e. the Ministry of Health, the universities, the research institutes and the public. In the future work plan, the pilot project design to proof the concept of the SIT is strongly recommended to obtain a firm, unbiased and strong results as the consideration for the decision maker to create the Aedes control program in Indonesia

PERTUMBUHAN PROTOZOA DALAM CAIRAN RUMEN KERBAU YANG DISUPLEMENTASI TANIN SECARA IN VITRO

Tanin merupakan senyawa antinutrisi yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan protein by pass ternak ruminansia. Sumber tanin yang digunakan adalah serbuk daun akasia Acacia mangium. Kadar tanin diukur dengan metode presipitasi 125I-BSA dan kadar tanin yang terukur adalah 9,02 ± 1,02 %. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vitro dengan menggunakan cairan rumen kerbau. Perlakuan berdasarkan konsentrasi tanin yang terukur, yaitu A (1,25%); B (2,5%) dan C (5%) serta Kontrol (0%) . Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi tanin dapat menurunkan jumlah total sel protozoa dalam cairan rumen kerbau secara in vitro dan penurunan jumlah total sel protozoa paling tinggi dicapai oleh suplementasi serbuk daun akasia dengan kadartanin 2,5 %. Komposisi jenis protozoa menurun pada seluruh perlakuan and viabilitas populasi protozoa menunjukkan terdapat sembilan jenis protozoa yang viabilitasnya yaitu Dasytricha ruminantium, Entodinium ecaudatum f. caudatum, Ostracodinium mammosum, Elytroplastron bubali, Entodinium nanellum, Charoninventriculi, Entodinium rostratum, Ostracodinium bubali dan Metadinium medium

Comparison of Gamma Irradiated and Raw Lignite in Bioliquefaction Process by Fungus T5

The bioliquefaction of coal is a processing technology for converting solid coal to liquid oil at ambient temperature by helping microorganism. The pretreated of lignite is important to decrease the hydrofobic of lignite surface. One of pretreated method was irradiation by gamma rays. Aim of this research was to compare the gamma irradiated lignite and raw lignite in bioliquefaction process by selected fungus T5. The fungus was identified by molecular method using 18S rDNA. Treatments were A (MSS + gamma irradiated lignite 5% + T5) and B (MSS + raw lignite 5% + T5) and culture type was sub-merged. The parameters observed were colonization, bacterial and fungal enumeration, identify of dominant bacteria using 16S rDNA and characterization of bioliquefaction product by UV-Vis spectroscopy dan gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed that fungus T5 belongs to Ascomycota, Trichoderma asperellum. Fungus has the ability to growth and liquefy gamma irradiated and raw lignite. Bacteria were detected in raw lignite treatment and dominant bacteria were identified as Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus thuringensis. UV-Vis analysis showed that boliquefaction product mainly contained naphtacene, naphthalene, and anthracene for gamma irradiated lignite, but anthracene and benzene for raw lignite. For GCMS analysis, 22 and 38 compounds were identified for gamma irradiated and raw lignite. Both treatment had different number of hydrocarbon, i.e. C6 – C35 (A) and C10 – C35 (B) and dominated by aromatic acids, aliphatic and phenylethers. Percent area of gasoline (C7 – C11) and diesel (C10 – C24) fractions on the treatment B was 7.23% and 62.35%, while in treatment A was 7.22% and 44.27%. Based on the results, pretreated of lignite by gamma irradiation could be increased the bioliquefaction product.Received: 5 December 2011; Revised: 21 May 2012; Accepted: 11 June 201

Determination of Lactic Acid Bacteria Viability in the Small Intestine of Catfish (Pangasius djambal) by Using the 32P Radioisotope

The viability of probiotics is important to be determined, as is its probiotic potency in the small instestine of fish. The result can be used as a basis to determine the feeding frequency of the probiotics to the fish.The aim of this study is to gain information about the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the small intestine of fish by using the 32P isotope technique. Catfish (Pangasius djambal) was used as a test fish, and the LAB with the code of P2.1 PTB was the subject of the experiment. Before its viability was tested, the LAB had been labelled with radioisotope 32P, then mixed into catfish feed. Its viability could be determined by counting the activity of 32P. The results showed that the percentage of LAB viability in the small intestine of catfish declined until day 7. The percentage of LAB viability was decreased at an amount of 30% at day 3. Based on this result, the feeding frequency of LAB P2.1 PTB is every 3 days.Received: 04 October 2014 Revised: 26 March 2015; Accepted: 05 April 201

Angsana (Pterocarpus Indicus) sebagai Bioindikator untuk Polusi di Sekitar Terminal Lebak Bulus

Jakarta as one of the biggest city in Indonesia, it own more than 6.506.244 units of motor vehicles. The combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles can cause air pollution. Station is represented as one of heavy pollution location. The observation has be done by abservate the amount of vehicles, stomatal characteristic, and weight of dust on Angsana leaves, which growth around Lebak Bulus station. As the result, there is relation between weight of dust on leaf and stomatal characteristic, with r value = 1. The level weighat of dust on leaf has effect to stomata conditions, such as surface of stomata become smaller and shape of stomata become irregular, but amount and size of stomata didn\u27t influenced. In some case, leaf can be identifid by visible symptoms of injury such as chlorotic at the leaf veins, which caused by SO2 or black or brown flecks at the leaf veins, which caused by NOx

Comparison of Gamma Irradiated and Raw Lignite in Bioliquefaction Process by Fungus T5

The bioliquefaction of coal is a processing technology for converting solid coal to liquid oil at ambient temperature by helping microorganism. The pretreated of lignite is important to decrease the hydrofobic of lignite surface. One of pretreated method was irradiation by gamma rays. Aim of this research was to compare the gamma irradiated lignite and raw lignite in bioliquefaction process by selected fungus T5. The fungus was identified by molecular method using 18S rDNA. Treatments were A (MSS + gamma irradiated lignite 5% + T5) and B (MSS + raw lignite 5% + T5) and culture type was sub-merged. The parameters observed were colonization, bacterial and fungal enumeration, identify of dominant bacteria using 16S rDNA and characterization of bioliquefaction product by UV-Vis spectroscopy dan gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed that fungus T5 belongs to Ascomycota, Trichoderma asperellum. Fungus has the ability to growth and liquefy gamma irradiated and raw lignite. Bacteria were detected in raw lignite treatment and dominant bacteria were identified as Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus thuringensis. UV-Vis analysis showed that boliquefaction product mainly contained naphtacene, naphthalene, and anthracene for gamma irradiated lignite, but anthracene and benzene for raw lignite. For GCMS analysis, 22 and 38 compounds were identified for gamma irradiated and raw lignite. Both treatment had different number of hydrocarbon, i.e. C6 – C35 (A) and C10 – C35 (B) and dominated by aromatic acids, aliphatic and phenylethers. Percent area of gasoline (C7 – C11) and diesel (C10 – C24) fractions on the treatment B was 7.23% and 62.35%, while in treatment A was 7.22% and 44.27%. Based on the results, pretreated of lignite by gamma irradiation could be increased the bioliquefaction product.Received: 5 December 2011; Revised: 21 May 2012; Accepted: 11 June 201

Jenis Pakan Mempengaruhi Produksi Biogas Dari Feses Gajah, Studi Kasus Gajah Sumatera (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck, 1847) Di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta Selatan

Elephant dung is a source of methane gas, which the gas is the main contributor to greenhouse gas if not used as fuel. Wild elephants use grass leaves as their feed, but in Ragunan Wildlife Park, elephants are fed also with a combination of elephant grass, sweet potatoes, maize, and bananas, which aim to meet immediate nutritional needs and ensure their health. Therefore, this study examined the biogas production of elephant feces associated with the feed given. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of biogas that is emitted from the elephant feces as a result of two kinds of feed, which were elephant grass and combination of elephant grass, sweet potatoes, maize, and bananas. Previously, the elephants were acclimatized for 4 days with the two types of feed. Fermentation of the feces was conducted by using simple fermenters by volume of 3.42 L for 28 days and performed measurements of temperature, pH, concentration of ammonia, concentration of volatile fatty acids, substrate degradation and production of biogas. The result showed that the composition of feed affects the physico-chemical characteristics of the feces, production of ammonia and volatile fatty acids, substrate degradation and production of biogas. The feces of Sumatran elephant fed with elephant grasses has higher potential for decomposition to mineralization into biogas and produce a higher proportion of methane gas carbon dioxide, than those fed with the combinated feed. This result needs to be a concern because with the fiber-rich feed like in their natural habitats, elephants have the potential to emit higher gas emissions. Therefore the biogas released from the elephant feces or other animals should be processed and utilized to meet the energy needs in the wildlife park itself