9-18歳男子水泳選手における無酸素的パワーの特徴

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristrics of anaerobic capacity from pre-puberty to adlescence. Twenty eight well trained swimmers were divided into five groups following age of 9 to 10 yrs (AG1), 11 to 12 yrs (AG2), 13 to 14 yrs (AG3), 15 to 16 yrs (AG4) and 17 to 18 (AG5). All swimmers first completed a series of four submaximal and one maximal effort swims for determination of swimming economy profile. The linear relationship (VO2 vs. velocity^3) was extrapolated to 140% of max VO2 for each swimmer and a corresponding velocity selected. The following day, swimmers completed a freestyle swim at the pace selected from the economy profile. During this test, accumulated 02 uptake was mearured continuously and the accumulated 02 deficit calculated following the swim (Hermansen, 1984). A two minute post swim blood sample was taken for analysis of lactate. Girth measurements of the upper arm were taken for determination of muscle area. A swim bench test was also administered for deterninetion of peak muscle power and total muscular work. The results were as follows ; 1) The values of O_2 deficit, % anaerobic contribution, and lactate acid showed increases with age. 2) Power/muscle and total muscular work displayed higher values with age. 3) A significant increase was found from AG2 to AG3 in all the items

The ambulance service and the child and young person’s advance care plan: listening to families and professionals

The Child and Young Person’s Advance Care Plan (CYPACP) is a set of resources to help families and professionals agree a plan of care to be followed when a child/young person with a life-limiting condition develops potentially (i) reversible intercurrent illnesses or (ii) life-threatening complications of their condition. It covers clinical, psychosocial and spiritual issues, is designed for use in all environments that the child encounters, and can be used as a resuscitation and/or end-of-life plan. Little is known about the experiences of Ambulance Service staff who receive copies of these plans and may be called upon to follow the recommendations for treatment and resuscitation. https://emj.bmj.com/content/37/10/e14.1 This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-999abs.3

Planetary Protection Knowledge Gap Closure Enabling Crewed Missions to Mars

As focus for exploration of Mars transitions from current robotic explorers to development of crewed missions, it remains important to protect the integrity of scientific investigations at Mars, as well as protect the Earth's biosphere from any potential harmful effects from returned martian material. This is the discipline of planetary protection, and the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) maintains the consensus international policy and guidelines on how this is implemented. Based on National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency (ESA) studies that began in 2001, COSPAR adopted principles and guidelines for human missions to Mars in 2008. At that point, it was clear that to move from those qualitative provisions, a great deal of work and interaction with spacecraft designers would be necessary to generate meaningful quantitative recommendations that could embody the intent of the Outer Space Treaty (Article IX) in the design of such missions. Beginning in 2016, COSPAR then sponsored a multiyear interdisciplinary meeting series to address planetary protection “knowledge gaps” (KGs) with the intent of adapting and extending the current robotic mission-focused Planetary Protection Policy to support the design and implementation of crewed and hybrid exploration missions. This article describes the outcome of the interdisciplinary COSPAR meeting series, to describe and address these KGs, as well as identify potential paths to gap closure. It includes the background scientific basis for each topic area and knowledge updates since the meeting series ended. In particular, credible solutions for KG closure are described for the three topic areas of (1) microbial monitoring of spacecraft and crew health; (2) natural transport (and survival) of terrestrial microbial contamination at Mars, and (3) the technology and operation of spacecraft systems for contamination control. The article includes a KG data table on these topic areas, which is intended to be a point of departure for making future progress in developing an end-to-end planetary protection requirements implementation solution for a crewed mission to Mars. Overall, the workshop series has provided evidence of the feasibility of planetary protection implementation for a crewed Mars mission, given (1) the establishment of needed zoning, emission, transport, and survival parameters for terrestrial biological contamination and (2) the creation of an accepted risk-based compliance approach for adoption by spacefaring actors including national space agencies and commercial/nongovernment organizations