1,486 research outputs found
Negotiating the Great Recession: How Teacher Collective Bargaining Outcomes Change in Times of Financial Duress
This article examines how teacher collective bargaining agreements (CBAs), teacher salaries, and class sizes changed during the Great Recession. Using a district-level data set of California teacher CBAs that includes measures of subarea contract strength and salaries from 2005–2006 and 2011–2012 tied to district-level longitudinal data, we estimate difference-in-difference models to examine bargaining outcomes for districts that should have been more or less fiscally constrained. We find that unions and administrators change critical elements of CBAs and district policy during times of fiscal duress. This includes increasing class sizes, reducing instructional time, and lowering base salaries to relieve financial pressures and negotiating increased protections for teachers in areas with less direct financial implications, including grievance procedures and nonteaching duties
Defect structure of EFG silicon ribbon
The defect structure of EFG ribbons was studied using EBIC, TEM and HVEM. By imaging the same areas in EBIC and HVEM, a direct correlation between the crystallographic nature of defects and their electrical properties was obtained. (1) Partial dislocations at coherent twin boundaries may or may not be electrically active. Since no microprecipitates were observed at these dislocations it is likely that the different electrical activity is a consequence of the different dislocation core structures. (2) 2nd order twin joins were observed which followed the same direction as the coherent first order twins normally associated with EFG ribbons. These 2nd order twin joins are in all cases strongly electrically active. EFG ribbons contain high concentrations of carbon. Since no evidence of precipitation was found with TEM it is suggested that the carbon may be incorporated into the higher order twin boundaries now known to exist in EFG ribbons
Defect structure of web silicon ribbon
The results of a preliminary study of two dendritic web samples are presented. The structure and electrical activity of the defects in the silicon webs were studied. Optical microscopy of chemically etched specimens was used to determine dislocation densities. Samples were mechanically polished, then Secco etched for approximately 5 minutes. High voltage transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the crystallographic nature of the defects
Criteria for Evaluating a Good Reading Program for Grades Five through Eight from Research and Literature as They Apply to Battle Ground, Washington
The purpose of this study is to develop criteria that will help Battle Ground schools in planning their fifth through eighth grade reading program
Employment Changes Play Major Role in Access to Employer Health Coverage
Highlights findings on the factors that drive short-term changes in employer-sponsored health insurance coverage, including the rising cost of health insurance and changes in employment rates and availability of better jobs during macroeconomic cycles
Liquid-induced damping of mechanical feedback effects in single electron tunneling through a suspended carbon nanotube
In single electron tunneling through clean, suspended carbon nanotube devices
at low temperature, distinct switching phenomena have regularly been observed.
These can be explained via strong interaction of single electron tunneling and
vibrational motion of the nanotube. We present measurements on a highly stable
nanotube device, subsequently recorded in the vacuum chamber of a dilution
refrigerator and immersed in the 3He/4He mixture of a second dilution
refrigerator. The switching phenomena are absent when the sample is kept in the
viscous liquid, additionally supporting the interpretation of dc-driven
vibration. Transport measurements in liquid helium can thus be used for finite
bias spectroscopy where otherwise the mechanical effects would dominate the
current.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Negative frequency tuning of a carbon nanotube nano-electromechanical resonator
A suspended, doubly clamped single wall carbon nanotube is characterized as
driven nano-electromechanical resonator at cryogenic temperatures.
Electronically, the carbon nanotube displays small bandgap behaviour with
Coulomb blockade oscillations in electron conduction and transparent contacts
in hole conduction. We observe the driven mechanical resonance in dc-transport,
including multiple higher harmonic responses. The data shows a distinct
negative frequency tuning at finite applied gate voltage, enabling us to
electrostatically decrease the resonance frequency to 75% of its maximum value.
This is consistently explained via electrostatic softening of the mechanical
mode.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; submitted for the IWEPNM 2013 conference
proceeding
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