Seeking and reporting of adverse effects in orthodontic research

Various study designs were used in this dissertation to assess the defining, seeking, and reporting of adverse effects in systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions. Distorted presentation (spin) of these effects in the abstracts of these reviews was also assessed. For the cross-sectional studies, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and five leading orthodontic journals were searched for eligible reviews. Study selection and data extraction were conducted by two researchers independently. 98 eligible systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions were identified of which 35 (36%) defined seeking of adverse as a research objective, 84 (86%) sought findings related to adverse effects, 83 (85%) reported them and 89 (91%) considered or discussed potential adverse effects. 77% (75/98) of the abstracts of these reviews reported or considered potential adverse effects of orthodontic interventions. Spin regarding these effects was present in 41% (40/98) of abstracts and misleading reporting was the predominant type (90% (36/40). Univariable logistic regression models (95% CI) showed no associations between the presence of spin in the abstracts of the reviews and any of the variables explored. The 195 adverse effects identified in the reviews were used for a new framework for categorizing and defining adverse effects of orthodontic interventions. Having included only leading orthodontic journals could have implied an underestimation of the problems. In conclusion, most systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions assessed and reported adverse effects but these actions were not systematic, incomplete, and selective. These findings and the risk of spin in the pertinent abstracts require caution when making clinical decisions

Seeking and reporting of adverse effects in orthodontic research

Various study designs were used in this dissertation to assess the defining, seeking, and reporting of adverse effects in systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions. Distorted presentation (spin) of these effects in the abstracts of these reviews was also assessed. For the cross-sectional studies, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and five leading orthodontic journals were searched for eligible reviews. Study selection and data extraction were conducted by two researchers independently. 98 eligible systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions were identified of which 35 (36%) defined seeking of adverse as a research objective, 84 (86%) sought findings related to adverse effects, 83 (85%) reported them and 89 (91%) considered or discussed potential adverse effects. 77% (75/98) of the abstracts of these reviews reported or considered potential adverse effects of orthodontic interventions. Spin regarding these effects was present in 41% (40/98) of abstracts and misleading reporting was the predominant type (90% (36/40). Univariable logistic regression models (95% CI) showed no associations between the presence of spin in the abstracts of the reviews and any of the variables explored. The 195 adverse effects identified in the reviews were used for a new framework for categorizing and defining adverse effects of orthodontic interventions. Having included only leading orthodontic journals could have implied an underestimation of the problems. In conclusion, most systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions assessed and reported adverse effects but these actions were not systematic, incomplete, and selective. These findings and the risk of spin in the pertinent abstracts require caution when making clinical decisions

Vegetative propagation of Freesia through the isolation of shoots in vitro.

Shoots from the cvs Ballerina, Aurora, Rijnveld's Golden Yellow and Rose Marie, originating from excised flower-buds, were grown in vitro and were induced to form shoots on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing PBA and IAA. The greatest number of new shoots/excised shoot was obtained when the medium contained PBA at 5 mg/l and IAA at 0.1 mg/l. The number of shoots formed depended on the cv. tested. Subcultured shoots, grown on a medium with IAA but without PBA, could be rooted easily and viable plants were obtained. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission

Freesia plantlets from flower-buds cultivated in vitro.

Flower-buds of 10 freesia cvs were grown in vitro and were induced to regenerate adventitious buds on a modified Murashige and Skoog's medium containing PBA and IAA. The formation of adventitious buds was strongly enhanced by growing the explants first in darkness and subsequently in light. Subcultured shoots, grown on a medium with IAA, could be rooted easily and viable plants were obtained. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission

Low serum cholesterol, serotonin metabolism, and violent death

A high serum cholesterol level is a well documented risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consequently, a low serum cholesterol has in general been viewed as beneficial. However, since the early 70s, results from several cohort studies and randomized trials have suggested that low or lowered cholesterol may increase the risk of dying from non-atherosclerotic causes. A number of reviews discussing the putative association between low serum cholesterol levels and increased mortality has been published. These reviews focused mainly on the possibility of a causal relation between low cholesterol and mortality from cancer. Although cancer mortality remains an important issue, the scope of recent studies on the association between low or lowered cholesterol and mortality has broadened towards all non-cardiovascular causes of death including accidents, violence and suicide. In the present paper the evidence is reviewed for an association between low or lowered cholesterol levels and aggression, impulsivity and (mortality from) suicide. Both studies addressing 'naturally' occurring low cholesterol levels and studies in which a low cholesterol was the result of (drug) intervention are discussed. This distinction is important from an etiological point of view, notably because a 'naturally' occurring low cholesterol reflects the lower end of the cholesterol distribution while lowered cholesterol levels of patients with hypercholesterolemia are still in the upper part of the distribution. Moreover, the duration of being 'exposed' to lower cholesterol levels is longer in those with 'naturally' occurring low cholesterol levels compared to those with 'lowered' cholesterol concentrations. The currently most important hypothesis to explain an association between naturally occurring low cholesterol and violent death, involving dietary induced serotonin changes as a mediating factor, is discussed in detail

Prospectie met ingreep in de bodem aan de Gousbeemdstraat te Tongeren

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Prospectie met ingreep in de bodem aan de Witloofstraat te Elewijt(Zemst)

Dit rapport werd ingediend bij het agentschap samen met een aantal afzonderlijke digitale bijlagen. Een aantal van deze bijlagen zijn niet inbegrepen in dit pdf document en zijn niet online beschikbaar. Sommige bijlagen (grondplannen, fotos, spoorbeschrijvingen, enz.) kunnen van belang zijn voor een betere lezing en interpretatie van dit rapport. Indien u deze bijlagen wenst te raadplegen kan u daarvoor contact opnemen met: [email protected]

Prospectie met ingreep in de bodem aan de Kanaaloever te Genk

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Prospectie met ingreep in de bodem aan de Melsterbeek te Gingelom. Onderzoek uitgevoerd in opdracht van Deckx Algemene Ondernemingen NV.

Dit rapport werd ingediend bij het agentschap samen met een aantal afzonderlijke digitale bijlagen. Een aantal van deze bijlagen zijn niet inbegrepen in dit pdf document en zijn niet online beschikbaar. Sommige bijlagen (grondplannen, fotos, spoorbeschrijvingen, enz.) kunnen van belang zijn voor een betere lezing en interpretatie van dit rapport. Indien u deze bijlagen wenst te raadplegen kan u daarvoor contact opnemen met: [email protected]

Archeologische begeleiding i.k.v. de aanleg van de aardgasvervoerleiding DN 600 te Maasmechelen en Dilsen-Stokkem

Dit rapport werd ingediend bij het agentschap samen met een aantal afzonderlijke digitale bijlagen. Een aantal van deze bijlagen zijn niet inbegrepen in dit pdf document en zijn niet online beschikbaar. Sommige bijlagen (grondplannen, fotos, spoorbeschrijvingen, enz.) kunnen van belang zijn voor een betere lezing en interpretatie van dit rapport. Indien u deze bijlagen wenst te raadplegen kan u daarvoor contact opnemen met: [email protected]