Bumble bee parasite strains vary in resistance to phytochemicals

Nectar and pollen contain diverse phytochemicals that can reduce disease in pollinators. However, prior studies showed variable effects of nectar chemicals on infection, which could reflect variable phytochemical resistance among parasite strains. Inter-strain variation in resistance could influence evolutionary interactions between plants, pollinators, and pollinator disease, but testing direct effects of phytochemicals on parasites requires elimination of variation between bees. Using cell cultures of the bumble bee parasite Crithidia bombi, we determined (1) growth-inhibiting effects of nine floral phytochemicals and (2) variation in phytochemical resistance among four parasite strains. C. bombi growth was unaffected by naturally occurring concentrations of the known antitrypanosomal phenolics gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid. However, C. bombi growth was inhibited by anabasine, eugenol, and thymol. Strains varied >3-fold in phytochemical resistance, suggesting that selection for phytochemical resistance could drive parasite evolution. Inhibitory concentrations of thymol (4.53-22.2 ppm) were similar to concentrations in Thymus vulgaris nectar (mean 5.2 ppm). Exposure of C. bombi to naturally occurring levels of phytochemicals—either within bees or during parasite transmission via flowers—could influence infection in nature. Flowers that produce antiparasitic phytochemical, including thymol, could potentially reduce infection in Bombus populations, thereby counteracting a possible contributor to pollinator decline

Significado de conviver com fixação externa por fratura exposta grau III em membros inferiores: o olhar do paciente

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o significado de conviver com fixação externa por fratura exposta grau III em membros inferiores, sob o olhar do paciente. Os dados foram coletados com seis adultos jovens que faziam tratamento ambulatorial ortopédico, em um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, por meio de entrevista semiestruturadacom questões abertas, entre junho e agosto de 2010. Na busca do significado desta vivência, mantivemos uma atitude fenomenológica na análise, o que propiciou desvelar o fenômeno “buscar viver apesar de se sentir preso em uma gaiola”. Os pacientes apontam que é o desejo pessoal e apoio de outras pessoas que propiciam a reorganização desuas vidas, apesar dos inúmeros desafios que precisam superar para adaptarem-se ao fixador acoplado ao seu corpo, do medo que sentem em relação ao futuro e das dúvidas quanto ao tratamento