Investigation into the cause of spontaneous emulsification of a free steel droplet : validation of the chemical exchange pathway

Small Fe-based droplets have been heated to a molten phase suspended within a slag medium to replicate a partial environment within the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). The confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) has been used as a heating platform to interrogate the effect of impurities and their transfer across the metal/slag interface, on the emulsification of the droplet into the slag medium. The samples were then examined through X-ray computer tomography (XCT) giving the mapping of emulsion dispersion in 3D space, calculating the changing of interfacial area between the two materials, and changes of material volume due to material transfer between metal and slag. Null experiments to rule out thermal gradients being the cause of emulsification have been conducted as well as replication of the previously reported study by Assis et al.[1] which has given insights into the mechanism of emulsification. Finally chemical analysis was conducted to discover the transfer of oxygen to be the cause of emulsification, leading to a new study of a system with undergoing oxygen equilibration

Optical studies of two smectic liquid crystals

The temperature variations of refractive index, density and order parameter of the compounds 2-4(4'-cyanophenyl)-5-n-heptyl-1,3-dioxane (PDX) and 4-n'-pentylcyclohexyl-(4-n-pentylcyclohexane)-1-carboxylate (OS) are reported in the smectic and isotropic phases. The principal molecular polarizabilities (alpha(e), alpha(o)) and the order parameters S have been evaluated using the anisotropic internal field model (Neugebauer's approach). The theoretical estimates of the mean and principal molecular polarizabilities using the modified Lippincott-delta-function potential model are in close agreement with the values evaluated from the experimental results

Crystal structure of mesogenic material – 2-(4′-Undecoxy phenyl)-5-N-hexyl pyrimidine

The title compound, C27H42N2O, exhibits a highly ordered smectic phase in the range 43-61.5-degrees-C while heating and 61.5-37.5-degrees-C while cooling. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P n, with two antiparallel molecules comprising the asymmetric unit. The unit cell parameters are a = 7.195(3) angstrom, b = 8.976(3) angstrom, c = 39.861(11) angstrom, beta = 86.349(5), Z = 4; D(c) = 1.062 Mg . m-3; Cu Kalpha radiation; mu = 0.46 mm-1. The structure was solved by direct methods (MULTAN80) using 3229 observed reflections I > 2.5 sigma(I)] and refined by block-diagonal and full-matrix least-squares method to Rf = 0.076 (Rw = 0.075). The molecules with extended chains show layered packing

Utilisation of granulated scrap tyre in asphaltic concrete mixes: a study of Agbabu Plain Bitumen in Nigeria

Rubber produced from scrap tyres known as crump rubber, can be used in asphalt mixtures either as a binder modifier (wet process) or as a fine and /or coarse aggregate replacement (dry process). This study is aimed at assessing the viability of utilizing Granulated Scrap Tyre Rubber (GSTR) as a modifier in asphalt concrete mixes prepared with bitumen obtained from natural bitumen field in Agbabu, Ondo State, Nigeria. In order to ascertain the binder properties of this bitumen in comparison with the standard specification of Asphalt Institute, American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Federal Ministry of Works and Housing (FMWH), specific gravity test, softening point test, penetration test and flash point test were carried out. Used tyres were shredded and granulated into fine particles, 1-3% of it was added to asphalt concrete mixes for both wearing and binder course. Marshall Test method was employed using dry method of rubberized asphalt concrete. The results obtained showed that the stability and bulk density of the compacted asphalt concrete specimen decreased with increase in dosage of GSTR while percentage air void together with percentage void mineral increased. It was concluded that utilizing GSTR for heavy traffic may be feasible if the bitumen sample is modified or wet method is used

Clinical Profile of Unknown Geriatric Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: A large number of unknown patients without any personal, family, or other identification details represent a unique problem in the health services of developing countries like India in a context of legal, humanitarian, and treatment issues. These patients pose a diagnostic and management challenge to treating physicians and staff. There are sparse data on these patients. This study provides a systematic evaluation of the current state of knowledge in this area. Aim: To estimate the proportion of unknown geriatric patients admitted in our hospital and to study the clinical profile and outcome of these unknown geriatric patients. Materials and Methods: This is retrospective observational study conducted in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Andhra Pradesh, India from October 2015 to October 2016. All patients attending our hospital who don’t have attenders to look after and patients who don’t have nominal identity and age > 60 year are taken into study. Results: In this study we have examined 47 (n=47) unknown geriatric patients in one year. Most of them are in age group 60 -70 yr (80.85%). Most common working diagnosis found is altered sensorium (Delirium) due to metabolic causes and infections (16/47). Most of the unknown geriatric patients are admitted in AMC (26/47). The major outcome observed in our hospital is death. 38 out of 47 are expired. 16 out of 38 expired in first 24 hr and most common cause of death observed is metabolic disorder (47.3%). Conclusion: We have done retrospective chart review of all Unknown patients from October 2015 to October 2016, who are brought to our hospital. Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and clinical outcome of the sample are analyzed. Our findings demonstrate metabolic causes, and infections are the primary reasons for admission of unknown patients to our hospital. This pattern can be useful to guide the approach of healthcare providers in India