The REPAIRER Reporting System for Integrating Human Factors into SMS in Aviation Maintenance

Acknowledging the FAA’s well-known PEAR model, and the influence of the dirty dozen in aviation maintenance, the authors examine a tracking and reporting system that fulfills FAA requirements for safety management systems in aviation maintenance organizations. Implications and suggestions for a robust safety management system which encompasses human factors and ORM, applicable to an aviation maintenance environment are presented, with the inclusion of specific risk hazards. The resulting safety reporting system proposed addresses both consistency and reliability challenges, unique to the aviation maintenance environment. Using the four pillars of safety as a foundation, the REPAIRER strategy procedures serves as the safety policy pillar, through the examination and rating of potential risk hazards, based on the dirty dozen. The resulting reporting system leverages aviation maintenancespecific factors to identify and correct for human errors, improving the reliability of maintenance procedures, enhancing safety practices, and ultimately creating a greater state of operational readiness

Bait uptake by wild badgers and its implications for oral vaccination against tuberculosis

This is the final version. Available from Public Library of Science via the DOI in this record.Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.The deployment of baits containing vaccines or toxins has been used successfully in the management of wildlife populations, including for disease control. Optimisation of deployment strategies seeks to maximise uptake by the targeted population whilst ensuring cost-effectiveness. Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis affects a broad range of mammalian hosts across the globe, including cattle, wildlife and humans. The control of TB in cattle in the UK and Republic of Ireland is hampered by persistent infection in European badgers (Meles meles). The present study aimed to determine the best strategy for maximising uptake of an oral vaccine by wild badgers, using a surrogate novel bait deployed at 40 badger social groups. Baits contained a blood-borne biomarker (Iophenoxic Acid, IPA) in order to measure consumption in badgers subsequently cage trapped at targeted setts. Evidence for the consumption of bait was found in 83% (199/240) of captured badgers. The probability that badgers had consumed at least one bait (IPA >10 μg ml-1) was significantly higher following deployment in spring than in summer. Lower uptake amongst social groups where more badgers were captured, suggested competition for baits. The probability of bait consumption was significantly higher at groups where main and outlier setts were provided with baits than at those where outliers were present but not baited. Badgers captured 10–14 days post bait feeding had significantly higher levels of bait uptake compared to those caught 24–28 days later. Uptake rates did not vary significantly in relation to badger age and whether bait was placed above ground or down setts. This study suggests that high levels of bait uptake can be achieved in wild badger populations and identifies factors influencing the potential success of different deployment strategies. The implications for the development of an oral badger vaccine are discussed.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA

Determinants of Perinatal Outcomes in Dialyzed and Transplanted Women in Australia.

Introduction: Drivers of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies of women receiving chronic kidney replacement therapy (KRT) remain poorly understood. Methods: Births ≥ 20 weeks of gestation in Australian women receiving KRT were analyzed for perinatal outcomes stratified by maternal KRT exposure (dialysis or transplant, analyzed separately), by linking the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and perinatal data sets (1991-2013). Results: Of 2,948,084 babies (1,628,181 mothers), 248 were born to mothers receiving KRT (transplant, n = 211; dialysis, n = 37), with live birth rates ≥ 94%. The perinatal death rate was 162, 62, and 9 per 1000 births in the dialysis, transplant, and non-KRT cohorts, respectively. Babies exposed to KRT had increased odds of prematurity, small-for-gestational age (SGA), poor birth condition, resuscitation, intensive care admission, and longer hospitalization, with the dialysis cohort having worse outcomes. Preterm babies of dialyzed and transplanted mothers (compared with preterm babies with no KRT exposure) experienced 1.6- to 2.7-fold higher odds for all adverse outcomes, except birthweight 10-fold higher odds of preterm birth and low birthweight and 1.8- to 4.6-fold increased odds of other adverse outcomes. In transplanted women, mediation analysis revealed that pregnancy-induced hypertension contributed only a modest proportional effect (2.5%-11.2%) on adverse outcomes. Conclusion: Maternal dialysis and transplantation conferred excess perinatal morbidity, particularly for preterm babies, and even in women with good preconception allograft function. Pregnancy-induced hypertension is not the predominant determinant of perinatal morbidity. Preconception counseling of women with kidney disease should encompass discussion of perinatal complications

Parenthood and pregnancy in Australians receiving treatment for end-stage kidney disease: protocol of a national study of perinatal and parental outcomes through population record linkage.

INTRODUCTION:Achieving parenthood is challenging in individuals receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT; dialysis or kidney transplantation) for end-stage kidney disease. Decision-making regarding parenthood in RRT recipients should be underpinned by robust data, yet there is limited data on parental factors that drive adverse health outcomes. Therefore, we aim to investigate the perinatal risks and outcomes in parents receiving RRT. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:This is a multijurisdictional probabilistic data linkage study of perinatal, hospital, birth, death and renal registers from 1991 to 2013 from New South Wales, Western Australia, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. This study includes all babies born ≥20 weeks' gestation or 400 g birth weight captured through mandated data collection in the perinatal data sets. Through linkage with the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) registry, babies exposed to RRT (and their parents) will be compared with babies who have not been exposed to RRT (and their parents) to determine obstetric and fetal outcomes, birth rates and fertility rates. One of the novel aspects of this study is the method that will be used to link fathers receiving RRT to the mothers and their babies within the perinatal data sets, using the birth register, enabling the identification of family units. The linked data set will be used to validate the parenthood events directly reported to ANZDATA. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:Ethics approval was obtained from Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC) and Aboriginal HREC in each jurisdiction. Findings of this study will be disseminated at scientific conferences and in peer-reviewed journals in tabular and aggregated forms. De-identified data will be presented and individual patients will not be identified. We will aim to present findings to relevant stakeholders (eg, patients, clinicians and policymakers) to maximise translational impact of research findings

Social feasibility assessments in conservation translocations

This is the final version. Available on open access from Cell Press via the DOI in this recordImproving the effectiveness of conservation translocations could contribute to reversing global biodiversity loss. Although evaluations of ecological factors affecting translocation outcomes are commonplace, consideration of human social factors remains rare, hindering improvements to this conservation practice. We analysed 550 translocation case studies to explore the inclusion of social factors in project feasibility assessments. Reviewed projects often failed to assess social feasibility, and assessments, where attempted, tended to be narrow in scope. Consequently, challenges such as proactively addressing conflict often remained unaddressed. Insufficient knowledge sharing and prioritisation of ecological feasibility, to the detriment of social feasibility, remain barriers to effective planning. Successful outcomes of translocations are linked to early assessment of social feasibility and to the establishment of long-term commitments between people, places, and partners.Vincent Wildlife TrustDurrell Wildlife Conservation TrustUniversity of Exete

Ion uptake into demineralized dentine from glass ionomer cement following pretreatment with silver fluoride and potassium iodide

The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.Background: Diamine silver fluoride (Ag(NH3)2F), referred to as AgF, has been shown to provide a pronounced antimicrobial action against caries. The clinical application of this material has been limited by the staining associated with both teeth and tooth coloured restorative materials. The application of potassium iodide (KI) after AgF eliminates stain formation. The purpose of this study was to determine if a prior application of silver fluoride and potassium iodine to demineralized dentine affected the uptake of strontium and fluoride from a glass ionomer cement restoration. Method: Three cavities were prepared in each of five recently extracted human third molars. The cavities were demineralized and treated as follows. In each tooth, one cavity was left as a control, one cavity was restored with glass ionomer cement and one cavity was treated with 1.8M AgF and a saturated KI solution and then restored with glass ionomer cement. The penetration of the various elements into demineralized dentine was measured by their relative percentage weights using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Results: Fluoride uptake was significantly higher in the AgF and KI treated samples compared to the other two samples and significantly higher in the glass ionomer restored sample compared to the control. The application of AgF and KI did not significantly interfere with the transfer of strontium from glass ionomer cement into dentine. Silver and iodine deposits were present in the demineralized dentine treated with AgF and KI. Conclusions: The application of AgF and KI onto dentine prior to the placement of glass ionomer cement did not significantly affect the strontium uptake into the subjacent demineralized dentine and the fluoride levels in this zone were significantly increased

Exploring cross-sectional associations between common childhood illness, housing and social conditions in remote Australian Aboriginal communities

Background:\ud There is limited epidemiological research that provides insight into the complex web of causative and moderating factors that links housing conditions to a variety of poor health outcomes. This study explores the relationship between housing conditions (with a primary focus on the functional state of infrastructure) and common childhood illness in remote Australian Aboriginal communities for the purpose of informing development of housing interventions to improve child health.\ud \ud Methods:\ud Hierarchical multi-level analysis of association between carer report of common childhood illnesses and functional and hygienic state of housing infrastructure, socio-economic, psychosocial and health related behaviours using baseline survey data from a housing intervention study.\ud \ud Results:\ud Multivariate analysis showed a strong independent association between report of respiratory infection and overall functional condition of the house (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.00; 95%CI 1.36-6.63), but no significant association between report of other illnesses and the overall functional condition or the functional condition of infrastructure required for specific healthy living practices. Associations between report of child illness and secondary explanatory variables which showed an OR of 2 or more included: for skin infection - evidence of poor temperature control in the house (OR 3.25; 95%CI 1.06-9.94), evidence of pests and vermin in the house (OR 2.88; 95%CI 1.25-6.60); for respiratory infection - breastfeeding in infancy (OR 0.27; 95%CI 0.14-0.49); for diarrhoea/vomiting - hygienic state of food preparation and storage areas (OR 2.10; 95%CI 1.10-4.00); for ear infection - child care attendance (OR 2.25; 95%CI 1.26-3.99).\ud \ud Conclusion:\ud These findings add to other evidence that building programs need to be supported by a range of other social and behavioural interventions for potential health gains to be more fully realised