Development of mouthwash with Rosmarinus officinalis extract

Rosmarinus officinalis, which belongs to the Lamiaceaefamily, is a species of medicinal flora with therapeutic properties. In order to exploit the benefits of these properties, a mouthwash formulation was developed, with careful selection of raw materials to meet pharmacotechnical requirements. Extracts of the plant were incorporated into a mouthwash, which was shown to have inhibitory action in vitro against the micro-organisms commonly found in periodontics. Controls for assessing the quality of the drugs were carried out, quantifying phenols and flavonoids as chemical markers. Mouthwash solutions were formulated containing 0.1, 5 and 10% ethanol extract of R. officinalis; and 0.05, 5 and 10% of the hexane fraction of R. officinalis. In order to evaluate synergism, ethanol extract and hexane fraction were also added to formulations containing 0.05% sodium fluoride and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate. These formulations were assessed for inhibitory effect against the specific microorganisms involved in the process of bacterial plaque formation, S. mutans(ATCC25175) and C. albicans(ATCC 10231), frequently found in cases of oral infections. The agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of extracts and formulations. All mouthwash solutions displayed inhibitory activity having higher sensitivity to S. mutansfor the 5% ethanol extract+0.05% sodium fluoride, and greater sensitivity to C. albicansfor the 10% hexane fraction. Results were characterized by the appearance of a growth inhibition halo, justifying the utilization and association of extracts of R. officinalis

Um estudo sobre as mães adolescentes Brasileiras A study on adolescent mothers in Brazil

O artigo analisa as mães-adolescentes, relacionando seus dados sociodemográficos com os rendimentos mensais dos domicílios onde vivem. Tratase de uma pesquisa quantitativa na qual se utilizaram dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2001 e de 2008. Consideramse mães-adolescentes aquelas que já haviam tido filhos nascidos vivos à época das pesquisas, que estão sendo estudadas no que tange a seu comportamento reprodutivo; frequência à escola; anos de estudo; condição no domicílio e condição de ocupação. Para observar a influência da origem socioeconômica sobre o comportamento reprodutivo das mães-adolescentes, bem como sobre os outros aspectos acima mencionados, estas foram desagregadas de acordo com o rendimento mensal dos domicílios onde viviam. Todas as informações sobre as mães-adolescentes foram comparadas com aquelas sobre as adolescentes na mesma faixa etária que não haviam tido filhos nascidos vivos, separadas em dois grupos etários: 15 a 17 e 18 a 19 anos.<br>This paper analyzes the adolescent mothers, relating their socio-demographic data with monthly income of households where they live. This is a quantitative study in which secondary data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from 2001 to 2008 were used. We deemed adolescent mothers those who already had children born alive at the time of the surveys, which are being studied in regard to their reproductive behavior, school attendance, years of study, household condition and condition of employment. To observe the influence of socio-economic background on the reproductive behavior of adolescent mothers, as well as on the other aspects mentioned above, these were grouped according to the monthly income of the households where they lived. All information about the adolescent mothers was compared with those of the adolescent girls the same age who had not had live births, separated into two age groups: 15 to 17 and 18 to 19 years

Agentes bacterianos enteropatogênicos em suínos de diferentes faixas etárias e perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos de cepas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp Enteropathogenic bacterial agents in pigs of different age groups and profile of resistance in strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. to antimicrobial agents

As enterites infecciosas bacterianas provocam severas perdas para a indústria suína em todo o mundo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar os agentes bacterianos, associados com a ocorrência de diarréia em suínos, em diferentes faixas etárias, no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, e verificar o perfil de resistência das cepas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp, frente aos principais antimicrobianos utilizados em granjas de suínos. Os principais gêneros/espécies bacterianos diagnosticados foram Escherichia coli, Clostridium spp, Salmonella spp Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli e Lawsonia intracellularis. Os fatores de virulência de E. coli mais prevalentes na fase de maternidade foram F5 / (K99) 20%, F6 / (987P) 16,3%, F42 6,8% e F41 5,7%, já nas fases de creche e terminação, predominaram cepas com fimbrias F4 (K88) 11,2% e 5,4%, respectivamente. Para E. coli os maiores índices de resistência foram encontrados para oxitetraciclina (94%) e tetraciclina (89,5%) e os menores índices de resistência para neomicina (55%), ceftiofur (57,4%). Quanto às amostras de Salmonella spp, estas apresentaram maior resistência à oxitetraciclina (77%), e à tetraciclina (42,1%) e menor à gentamicina (3,5%) e amoxicilina (4,8%).<br>Infectious bacterial enteritis causes severe losses to the swine industry worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of bacterial agents that are associated with the occurrence of diarrhea in pigs at different age groups, and to verify the profile of resistance of strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp to the main antimicrobial agents. The main bacterial species diagnosed were Escherichia coli, Clostridium spp, Salmonella spp, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli and Lawsonia intracellularis. The E. coli virulence factors of higher prevalence in preweaning piglets were F5 / (K99) 20%, F6 / (987P) 16.3%, F42 6.8% and F41 5.7%, whereas at the nursery and with finishing pigs, the prevalent strain was the fimbria F4 (K88) 11.2% e 5.4%, respectively. E. coli and Salmonella spp were highly resistant to oxytetracycline (94%) and tetracycline (90%), with the former having a low resistance to neomycin (55%) and ceftiofur (57%), and the latter to gentamicin (3.5%) and amoxicillin (4.8%)