En-Gendering the Police: Women\u27s Police Stations and Feminism in São Paulo

This article contributes to feminist state theory and studies of women\u27s police stations in Latin America by examining the processes shaping the multiple and changing positions of explicit alliance, opposition, and ambiguous alliance assumed by policewomen regarding feminists since the creation of the world\u27s first women\u27s police station in 1985 in São Paulo. While studies of women\u27s police stations tend to overlook the political conjuncture, much of the literature on the state and gender explains the relationship between the state and women\u27s movements as a function of the political regime. I argue for a more grounded feminist state theory, taking into account interactive macro and micro, local and international forces. As this case study demonstrates, policewoman-feminist relations evolve due to interactions between the political conjuncture, the hegemonic masculinist police culture, developments in the feminist discourse on violence against women, and the impact of the contact policewomen sustain with women clients

Expression of Ghrelin and GHSR-1a in Long Term Diabetic Rat's Kidney

The aim of this work was to study the relative ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R)1a gene expression in the kidney of long-term diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: C- control group, DI- one month diabetic rats group, DII- two months diabetic rats group, and DIII- three months diabetic rats group. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin STZ (40mg/kg i.p). The rats were decapitated under ketamine anesthesia and their kidney tissues were removed. Tissue GHS-R mRNA levels, ghrelin expression, and histopathological damage scores were compared. Dilatation in the distal tubules, epithelial desquamation into the lumen of the tubules and transparent tubules showing glycogen vacuolation were observed in all the diabetic groups. Ghrelin immunoreactivity was significantly higher in group DI compared to group C, whereas in groups DII and DIII, ghrelin immunoreactivity was similar with group C. GHSR-1a mRNA level in group DIII was significantly lower than in group C. As a result, ghrelin immunoreactivity increased at the beginning of diabetes; however, with increase in the duration of diabetes ghrelin immunoreactivity approached to the control values. The expression of GHSR-1a mRNA decreased with increase in diabetes duration. It seemed that down-regulation of GHSR-1a contributed to the renal damage induced by long-term diabetes

The Effects of Ovariectomy on Ghrelin Expression in the Rat Uterus

Background. Ghrelin is a hormone which has effects on the secretion of growth hormone, the gastrointestinal system, the cardiovascular system, cell proliferation and the reproductive system

A biochemical and immunohistochemical study of the protective effects of carnosine for carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats

We investigated the protective effect of carnosine on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver tissue damage. Thirty-two adult male rats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was the untreated control, group 2 was injected with 0.2 ml/kg/day carbon tetrachloride, group 3 was injected with with 0.2 ml/kg/day carbon tetrachloride plus 200 mg/kg/day carnosine, and group 4 was injected with 200 mg/kg/day carnosine. Increased serum alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase levels, liver malondialdehyde levels, HSP-70 expression and steatosis were observed following treatment with carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride caused severe biochemical and histopathological changes in liver tissue and treatment with carnosine partially prevented the damage. HSP-70 may help control liver damage

Letter to the editor regarding the article by Jenderny et al.

Jenderny et al. demonstrated that NOV-002 treatment may be protected by cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. However, Jenderny's article has some errors. These mistakes are checked and corrected. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved

Ameliorative effects of pentoxifylline on NOS induced by diabetes in rat kidney

Objectives Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. The NO system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DN. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the healing effect of pentoxifylline on NOS in STZ-induced diabetic rat's kidney. Material and methods In this study, 50 Wistar albino male rats were used. The rats were divided into five groups; Group C control; Group D only diabetes; Group D + PI and D + PII diabetes + pentoxifylline; Group P only pentoxifylline. Group DPI rats received just pentoxifylline from the beginning of the experiments. However, Group DPII rats received saline in the first month and 50 mg/kg/day of pentoxifylline for the following month. At the end of two months, NOS expressions in kidney tissue were assessed using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results At the end of the experiments, desquamation of the epithelial cells of the tubules, clear glycogen-filled distal tubules and increased number of apoptotic cells were seen in Group D. Diabetic rats' nNOS immunoreactivity had increased and eNOS and iNOS immunoreactivity had decreased; nNOS, iNOS and eNOS mRNA levels tended to decrease compared to the control group. PTX ameliorated eNOS, iNOS and nNOS protein levels and apoptotic cells, but did not affect mRNA levels. Conclusion In conclusion, PTX has a healing effect on this damage by affecting NOS expression

Determination of ghrelin immunoreactivity in the rat stomach after fasting and refeeding

Ghrelin is a recently discovered hormone secreted by cells of the stomach. The aim of this study was to investigate fasting and refeeding induced alterations on ghrelin immunolabelling of cells of the stomach. Thirty-six adult mate Wistar rats were used in this study. Rats were divided into six groups. Group I: control group; Group II: rats fasted for 7 days; Group III: rats fed for 1 day after 7 days of fasting; Group IV: rats fed for 3 days after 7 days of fasting; Group V: rats fed for 5 days after 7 days of fasting; Group VI: rats fed for 7 days after 7 days of fasting. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and stomach tissues were processed for imunohistochemistry to localize ghrelin. Ghrelin-immunopositive cells were detected only in the mucosal lining of the stomach. After fasting for 7 days, the number of ghrelin-immunopositive cells increased significantly compared to the control rats. Following refeeding, the number of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells was reduced to a level comparable to the controls. Therefore, fasting and refeeding after fasting were observed to result in changes in ghrelin immunoreactivity in the cells of the stomach. We conclude that ghrelin is highly expressed in the stomach and that fasting increases the expression of ghrelin in the stomach, but this expression decreases after refeeding. Our results indicate that regutation of ghrelin is a process probably involved in the long-term control of nutritional states. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved

Evaluation of Behavior, Learning, Memory Along with Apoptosis, Neuronal Damage, and GABA-A Alpha-1 Receptor Level After Status Epilepticus in Immature and Mature Rats

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate age-dependent cognitive and behavioral changes, neuronal damage, and the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) alpha 1 in immature, mature, and adolescant rats after status epilepticus (SE)