Dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve: an appraisal on the anatomy, injuries and application of conduction velocity studies in diagnosis

Classical textbooks and recent publications about the anatomy of the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve are revisited and correlated with methods of measurement of its conduction velocity, in order to evaluate the indications and limitations of the procedure. Etiology and pathogenesis of isolated lesions of this nerve branch are discussed

Plasmapheresis in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: retrospective study of 26 patients Plasmaférese no tratamento da miastenia grave: estudo retrospectivo de 26 pacientes

We analyzed the experience of Unicamp Clinical Hospital with plasma exchange (PE) therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG). About 17.8 % of a totality of MG patients had PE performed: 26 cases, 19 women and seven men. The mean age-onset of MG was 28 years, extremes 11 and 69. Minimum deficit observed in the group was graded IIb (O & G) or IIIa (MGFA scale). One patient had prethymectomy PE. In seven the procedures were performed due to myasthenic crisis and in 18 patients due to severe myasthenic symptoms or exacerbation of previous motor deficit. Two patients were also submitted to chronic PE considering refractoriness to other treatments. Twenty-six patients had 44 cycles of PE and 171 sessions. The mean number of sessions was 3.9 (SD ± 1.4) each cycle; median 5, extremes 2 and 6. The mean time by session was 106,5 minutes (SD ± 35.2); median 100.5 (extremes of 55 and 215). The mean volume of plasma exchanged in each session was 2396 ml (SD ± 561); median 2225 (extremes 1512 and 4500). Side effects occurred: reversible hypotension (seven cases), mild tremor or paresthesias (seven cases). Infection and mortality rates due to PE were zero. All patients had immediate benefit of each PE cycle and usually they also received prednisone or other immunosuppressors. Good acceptance of the procedure was observed in 80.7% of patients.Analisamos a experiência do Hospital das Clínicas da Unicamp com plasmaferese: (PF) na miastania grave (MG). 17,8 % do total dos casos de MG submeteu-se a PF, 26 casos, 19 mulheres e sete homens. A idade média de início da MG foi 28 anos (extremos 11 e 69). O menor déficit clínico foi IIb (O & G) e IIIa (MGFA). A PF foi indicada no pré-operatório de timectomia em um caso e em sete devido a crise miastênica. Em 18 casos, com MG generalizada e sintomas bulbares ou com exacerbação de déficit prévio, a PF foi indicada como intervenção aguda. Em dois pacientes desse grupo ela foi indicada também em regime crônico de ciclos mensais. Os 26 pacientes submeteram-se a 44 ciclos e a 171 sessões de PF. O número médio de sessões em cada ciclo foi 3,9 (DP ± 1,4); mediana de 5, extremos 2 e 6. O tempo médio de cada sessão foi 106,5 minutos (DP ± 35,2); mediana de 100,5 (extremos 55 e 215).O volume médio de plasma trocado em cada sessão foi 2396 ml (DP ± 561); mediana 2225 (extremos 1512 e 4500). Efeitos colaterais foram reversíveis: hipotensão (sete casos), tremor ou parestesias leves (sete casos). Taxas de infecção e mortalidade devido a PF foram zero. A totalidade dos pacientes teve benefícios imediatos a cada ciclo de PF e usualmente receberam prednisona ou outro imunossupressor. Houve boa aceitação ao procedimento em 80,7% dos pacientes

Muscle MRI in a large cohort of patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

Background and objective: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a genetic disorder caused by an abnormal expansion of GCN triplets within the PABPN1 gene. Previous descriptions have focused on lower limb muscles in small cohorts of patients with OPMD, but larger imaging studies have not been performed. Previous imaging studies have been too small to be able to correlate imaging findings to genetic and clinical data. Methods: We present cross-sectional, T1-weighted muscle MRI and CT-scan data from 168 patients with genetically confirmed OPMD. We have analysed the pattern of muscle involvement in the disease using hierarchical analysis and presented it as heatmaps. Results of the scans were correlated with genetic and clinical data. Results: Fatty replacement was identified in 96.7% of all symptomatic patients. The tongue, the adductor magnus and the soleus were the most commonly affected muscles. Muscle pathology on MRI correlated positively with disease duration and functional impairment. Conclusions: We have described a pattern that can be considered characteristic of OPMD. An early combination of fat replacement in the tongue, adductor magnus and soleus can be helpful for differential diagnosis. The findings suggest the natural history of the disease from a radiological point of view. The information generated by this study is of high diagnostic value and important for clinical trial development