Degradation Of Low And High Molecular Mass Fractions Of Kraft E1 Effluent By Trametes Villosa

A very efficient Trametes villosa strain was selected from a screening in our laboratories, which exhibited a high capability of bleaching effluent (E1) biodegradation. This fungus decolorized 70-80% in 24-48 h incubation time and degraded 80% of total phenol acting on E1 effluent. Size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that 75% of total color can be attributed to the high-molecular mass materials (MM > 15,000 Da). The change in the MM distribution during the incubation period showed evidence that both high and low molecular mass fractions were biodegraded by the fungal treatment. 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Biotransformação da cinza da casca de arroz em nanopartículas de sílica mediante Fusarium oxysporum

Neste estudo avaliou-se uma rota biológica à temperatura ambiente para a biotransformação da cinza da casca de arroz em nanopartículas de sílica empregando o fungo Fusarium oxysporum. Foram realizados ensaios e monitorou-se a produção de biomassa fúngica, pH e concentração de sílica solúvel em meio de cultura contendo cinza durante 270 h a uma temperatura de 25°C, com uma concentração inicial de biomassa de 0,3 g/L (base úmida) in situ. A cinza antes e após o tratamento foi analisada por espectroscopia de infravermelho IV; MEV e DRX. Os resultados deram indícios que com o processo biológico à temperatura ambiente ocorre uma biotransformação da cinza da casca de arroz, gerando sílica solúvel e cristalina no meio de cultura. Tais resultados indicam a possibilidade da síntese por via biológica de nanomateriais óxidos

Influence of season and pollution on the antioxidant defenses of the cichlid fish acará (Geophagus brasiliensis)

The livers of Geophagus brasiliensis collected from both a non-polluted site and a polluted site were analyzed for different antioxidant defenses, O2 consumption, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and histological damage. Compared to controls (116.6 ± 26.1 nmol g-1), TBARS levels were enhanced at the polluted site (284.2 ± 25.6 nmol g-1), as also was oxygen consumption (86.6 ± 11.3 and 128.5 ± 9.8 µmol O2 min-1 g-1, respectively). With respect to enzymatic antioxidants, increased catalase activities (8.7 ± 1.3 and 29.2 ± 2.4 mmol min-1 g-1, respectively), unchanged superoxide dismutase activities (767.2 ± 113.3 and 563.3 ± 70.2 U g-1, respectively), and diminished glutathione S-transferase activities (29.0 ± 3.2 and 14.9 ± 3.2 µmol min-1 g-1, respectively) were detected. Reduced glutathione (1.91 ± 0.17 and 1.37 ± 0.25 mM, respectively), oxidized glutathione (1.50 ± 0.20 and 0.73 ± 0.17 mM, respectively), and total glutathione (3.40 ± 0.26 and 2.07 ± 0.27 mM, respectively) concentrations were also below control values at the polluted site. Nevertheless, the observed ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities (1.34 ± 0.11 and 16.7 ± 0.21 pmol min-1 mg-1, respectively) showed enhanced values at the polluted site. The main histological damage observed in the hepatocytes from fish collected at the polluted site was characterized by heavy lipid infiltration. Fish collected at the end of spring showed higher O2 consumption, higher superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities, and higher total and oxidized glutathione concentrations compared to the beginning of autumn. No seasonal changes were observed in catalase activities, glutathione or TBARS levels. Fish chronically exposed to relatively high pollution levels seem to be unable to set up adequate antioxidant defenses, probably due to severe injury to their hepatocytes. The higher antioxidant defenses found at the end of spring are probably related to the enhanced activities during high temperature periods in thermoconforming organisms