Efeitos de suplementos energéticos e nitrogenados na dieta sobre a fermentação e a população de protozoários no rúmen de búfalos e bovinos zebuínos

The effects were assessed of two energy sources in concentrate (ground grain corn vs. citrus pulp) and two nitrogen sources (soybean meal vs. urea) on rumen metabolism in four buffaloes and four zebu cattle (Nellore) with rumen cannula and fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with feeds containing 60% sugar cane. Energy supplements had no effect on the rumen ammonia concentration in cattle, but ground grain corn promoted higher ammonia level than citrus pulp in buffalo. Urea produced higher ammonia level than soybean meal in both animal species. On average, the buffaloes maintained a lower rumen ammonia concentration (11.7 mg/dL) than the cattle (14.5 mg/dL). Buffaloes had lower production of acetic acid than cattle (58.7 vs. 61.6 mol/100 mol) and higher of propionic acid (27.4 vs. 23.6 mol/100 mol). There was no difference in the butyric acid production between the buffaloes (13.6 mol/100 mol) and cattle (14.8 mol/100 mol) and neither in the total volatile fatty acids concentration (82.5 vs. 83.6 mM, respectively). The energy or nitrogen sources had no effect on rumen protozoa count in either animal species. The zebu cattle had higher rumen protozoa population (8.8 × 10(5)/mL) than the buffaloes (6.1 × 10(5)/mL). The rumen protozoa population differed between the animal species, except for Dasytricha and Charonina. The buffaloes had a lower Entodinium population than the cattle (61.0 vs 84.9%, respectively) and a greater percentage of species belonging to the Diplodiniinae subfamily than the cattle (28.6 vs. 1.4%, respectively). In cattle, ground corn is a better energy source than citrus pulp for use by Entodinium and Diplodiniinae. In the buffaloes, the Entodinium are favored by urea and Diplodiniinae species by soybean meal.Foram avaliados os efeitos de duas fontes de energia no concentrado (grãos de milho moídos vs polpa cítrica) e duas fontes nitrogenadas (farelo de soja vs ureia) sobre o metabolismo ruminal em quatro bubalinos e quatro bovinos zebuínos (Nelore). Os animais possuíam cânulas no rúmen e foram alimentados em delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4, com rações contendo 60% de cana-de-açúcar. Não houve efeitos dos suplementos energéticos na concentração de amônia ruminal em bovinos, no entanto, nos bubalinos, o milho em grão promoveu maior concentração de amônia em comparação à polpa cítrica. Em ambas as espécies animais, a ureia promoveu nível mais elevado de amônia em comparação ao farelo de soja. Em média, os bubalinos mantiveram menor concentração de amônia ruminal (11,7 mg/dL) que os bovinos (14,5 mg/dL). Os búfalos apresentaram menor produção de ácido acético em comparação aos bovinos (58,7 vs 61,6 mol/100 mol) e maior produção de ácido propiônico (27,4 vs 23,6 mol/100 mol). Não houve diferença na produção de ácido butírico entre búfalos (13,6 mol/100 mol) e bovinos (14,8 mol/100 mol) nem na concentração total de ácidos graxos voláteis (82,5 vs 83,6 mM, respectivamente). As fontes de energia e nitrogênio não produziram efeitos em ambas as espécies animais na contagem de protozoários no rúmen. Os zebuínos apresentaram maior população de protozoários no rúmen (8,8 × 10(5)/mL) em comparação aos búfalos (6,1 × 10(5)/mL). Com exceção de Dasytricha e Charonina, a composição da população de protozoários diferiu entre as espécies animais, uma vez que nos búfalos a população de Entodinium (61,0 vs 84,9%, respectivamente) foi menor e a porcentagem de espécies da subfamília Diplodiniinae, maior que nos bovinos (28,6 vs 1,4%, respectivamente). Em bovinos, o milho moído é uma fonte de energia melhor que a polpa cítrica para utilização pela população de Entodinium e Diplodiniinae. Em búfalos, a população de Entodinium é favorecida pela oferta de ureia, enquanto espécies de Diplodiniinae são favorecidas pelo farelo de soja

Multifactorial analysis of unstable non-acid milk occurrence in dairy production/ Análise multifatorial da ocorrência de leite instável não ácido em propriedades leiteiras

The aim was to analyze the Unstable Non-Acid Milk (UNAM) phenomenon through the association of zootechnical characteristics of the farms relating them to their occurrence. The data collection was carried out in 12 dairy farms which received a technical visit to learn the production system: handling, feeding, mineralization and milking procedures. The milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, solids not fat, standard plate count, somatic cell count, pH, titratable acidity and ethanol test stability. Milk data were submitted to analysis of variance; association between zootechnical characteristics and UNAM were determined by logistic regression; and multivariate analysis of principal components was carried out. The occurrence of UNAM was verified in 25% of the evaluated farms. In UNAM herds 27% to 33% of the cows were classified as UNAM. The animals with UNAM milk was different between farms classified as Stable or UNAM, being 12% and 30% of cows, respectively. The detection of UNAM was possible when in the herd there are at least 23% of the animals producing UNAM milk. The three principal components identified covered the main areas of influence on the occurrence of UNAM: Quality and interaction with part of the solids; Production and relationship with lactose; Nutrition and correlations with part of the components. The classification of milk in the expansion tank as UNAM can only be identified when more than 23% of the animals were in this condition. The multivariate analysis identified that the nutritional balance of each cow was determining factor for UNAM presence

Economic evaluation of different supplementation of Nellore steers on pasture during the rainy season

This work was undertaken to study the effects on animal performance and cost of supplementing Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha pastures in the rainy season over approximately 6 Mo of experimentation. Forty steers were used in four groups of 10 each; two of which received mineral supplementation (C) and two energy supplementation (ES). The latter resulted in more rapid live weight gain (P < 0.05), but the profit margin was 5.59% higher for animals under C

Determinação de características produtivas e a influência da assistência técnica no pagamento por qualidade do leite / Determination of productive characteristics and influence of technical assistance on milk quality payment

A pecuária leiteira é uma das atividades mais representativas na agricultura familiar. A crescente exigência do mercado consumidor por produtos mais saudáveis e de melhor qualidade aumenta a necessidade de maior engajamento de pequenos produtores na produção de leite, proporcionando qualidade e lucratividade. Instruções Normativas (INs) foram instituídas pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), objetivando a padronização da produção de leite. Um dos pilares para vencer os desafios da atividade é a transferência de conhecimentos e tecnologias pela assistência técnica rural. Sendo assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a qualidade do leite de tanque de refrigeração de pequenos produtores familiares antes e depois da assistência técnica, identificando as características de produção que influenciam na qualidade do leite e simulando o impacto dos programas de penalização na renda do produtor, para promover a melhoria da qualidade do leite. Vinte produtores leiteiros de agricultura familiar foram monitorados por dois anos. Analisaram-se os aspectos de qualidade do leite de tanque de resfriamento (composição, Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) e contagem padrão em placas (CPP)), e caracterização dos sistemas de produção por meio de questionários. Observou-se que o maior desafio para os produtores se adequarem as INs está relacionado à CPP e CCS. As condições higiênico-sanitárias e o conforto animal foram os fatores que mais influenciaram os índices de CPP. Apesar de não ter apresentado melhora significativa na qualidade do leite antes e depois da assistência técnica, é fundamental que o produtor receba orientações desses profissionais para garantir a consolidação e a manutenção do conhecimento de boas práticas de higiene e saúde do rebanho. Os índices de CCS, CPP e simulação de renda podem auxiliar a assistência técnica na conscientização dos produtores sobre a importância da adequação às INs, visando uma melhor qualidade do produto e aumento da renda familiar.

Effects of different levels of phosphorus intake on the digestion rates and ruminal metabolism in buffaloes fed with chopped sugarcane

The effects of different levels of daily phosphorus intake on the nutrients digestibility and ruminal metabolism were evaluated in four mature buffaloes fitted with rumen cannula. The animals were designed in Latin Square experiment (4x4) with four increasing levels of phosphorus intake (8, 12, 15 e 18 grams/animal/day) fed fresh chopped sugarcane basis (87%). Nutrient digestibility was measured using the maker technique and rumen sampling for pH, ammonia and turnover rate. No differences were observed among the treatments in the ruminal pH, ammonia concentration, ruminal volume, fluid and solid passage rates as well as digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein and crude energy and dry matter intake. The ingestion of 15 grams of phosphorus/day showed higher absolute values than others levels of phosphorus. In conclusion, levels of daily phosphorus intake from 8 to 18g/animal have no influence on the studied nutrients digestibility and rumen parameters in buffaloes fed with low quality diets of sugarcane in high level. But there is an evidence of best results with 15 grams of daily phosphorus intake

Mineral metabolism in buffaloes fed different phosphorus levels

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da ingestão diária de quatro níveis de fósforo (8, 12, 15 e 18 g) sobre o metabolismo de macrominerais (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K e S), incluindo a ingestão, a concentração no rúmen, a taxa de passagem do líquido ruminal, a excreção nas fezes e a disponibilidade aparente. Utilizaram-se quatro bubalinos adultos com fístulas ruminais em delineamento quadrado latino (4 × 4) com dieta total constituída de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso (85%) e concentrado formulado com um dos níveis de fósforo. Os níveis de fósforo não ocasionaram diferença significativa na concentração mineral no rúmen de nenhum mineral estudado. A concentração média de fósforo no conteúdo ruminal foi de 0,98% na matéria seca, enquanto o teor de fósforo nas rações variou de 0,12 a 0,34%, comprovando alta reciclagem de fósforo pela saliva. Níveis crescentes de fósforo na dieta, variando de 8 a 18 g/animal/dia, não influenciam as disponibilidades de cálcio e magnésio. Com o nível de fósforo de 15 g/dia, houve melhor utilização do fósforo da dieta. A ingestão de níveis crescentes de fósforo em g/kg0,75 (X) promoveu aumento linear na excreção fecal desse mineral em g/kg0,75 (Y) e baixos valores de disponibilidade do fósforo, que pode ser estimado pela equação Y = 0,03 + 0,610X, o que indica deficiência desse elemento mineral na dieta para o metabolismo animal.The objective was to evaluate the effects of daily intake of four levels of phosphorus (8, 12, 15 and 18 g) on the metabolism of macro minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and S), including the intake, concentration in rumen, ruminal fluid passage rate, excretion in feces and apparent availability. Four rumen-fistulated buffaloes were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin Square, with total diet composed by sugar cane as forage (85%) and concentrate formulated for each different phosphorus levels. Phosphorus levels did not caused difference in mineral concentration in the rumen of any mineral studied. Mean phosphorus concentration in the rumen content was 0.98% in the dry matter basis, whereas phosphorus content in diet ranged from 0.12 to 0.34%, demonstrating high recycling of phosphorus by saliva. Increasing phosphorus levels in the diet ranging from 8 to 18 g/anim/day did not affect the calcium and magnesium availability. Better use of phosphorus of the diet was observed at the level 15 g/day of phosphorus. The intake of increasing phosphorus levels in g/kg0.75 (X) promoted a linear increase in fecal excretion of this mineral in g/kg0.75 (Y), and low phosphorus availability values, which could be estimated using the regression equation Y = 0.03 + 0.610X, that indicate deficiency of this mineral in the diet for animal metabolism

Protocolos para extração de DNA genômico de pêlo de ovinos

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português

Protocolos para extração de DNA genômico de pêlo de ovinos

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português

Genomic DNA extraction protocols from ovine hair

Genomic DNA extracted from animal cells can be used for several purposes, for example, to know genetic variability and genetic relationships between individuals, breeds and/or species, paternity tests, to describe the genetic profile for registration of the animal at association of breeders, detect genetic polymorphisms (SNP) related to characteristics of commercial interest, disease diagnose, assess resistance or susceptibility to pathogens, etc. For such evaluations, in general, DNA is amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and then subjected to various techniques as RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism), SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), and sequencing. The DNA may be obtained from blood, buccal swabs, meat, cartilage or hair bulb. Among all, the last biological material has been preferred by farmers for its ease acquisition. Several methods for extracting DNA from hair bulb were reported without any consensus for its implementation. This study aimed to optimize a protocol for efficient DNA extraction for use in PCR-RFLP analysis of the Prion gene. For this study, were collected hair samples containing hair bulb from 131 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Institute of Zootechny, Nova Odessa - SP. Two DNA extraction protocols were evaluated. The first, called phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) has long been used by Animal Genetic Laboratories, whose procedures are described below: in each microtube (1.5 mL) containing 500 µL of TE-Tween solution (Tris-HCl 50 mM, EDTA 1 mM and 0.5% Tween 20) were added to approximately 30 hair bulb per animal which was incubated at 65°C with shaking at 170 rpm for 2 hours. Then was added 15 µL of proteinase K [10 mg mL-1] and incubated at 55°C at 170 rpm for 6-12 hours. At the end of digestion was added 1 volume of solution phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) followed by vigorous shaking for 10 seconds and centrifuged at 8000 rpm and 4°C for 10 minutes. The upper phase was transferred to another microtube, and the DNA was precipitated in the presence of 0.3 M sodium acetate (1/10 volume) and 1 mL ethanol at -20°C for 6 hours. Then the samples were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm, 4°C for 30 minutes. The precipitate after drying was resuspended in 50 µL of ultrapure water. The second protocol was standardized by the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, FMRP - USP, whose procedures are described below: from each animal was used about 3-4 hairs, containing the hair bulb. This sample was transferred to a microtube containing 100 mL of buffer (20 mM Tris HCl, 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.5% Tween 20) and 1 µL of proteinase K [10 mg mL-1], and then incubated at 60°C with shaking (160 rpm) for 45 minutes. For denaturation of the proteinase-K, the microtubes were incubated at 95°C for 10 minutes. After extraction by both methods, the DNA was quantified and subjected to PCR using specific primers for Prion gene amplification, associated to the Scrapie. The gel electrophoresis in agarose 1% revealed that the DNA obtained by the two protocols enabled amplification of the fragment of 198 pb, as expected. The amplification product was digested by the restriction enzyme AvaII at 37°C for 3 hours, and subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide 10% gel (49:1) resulted in two fragments of 106 and 92 bp, as expected. Based on these results we conclude that both extraction methods allow obtaining DNA samples in quantity and quality satisfactory for PCR-RFLP analysis of Scrapie gene, although the latter was more efficient and economical, non-toxic and use smaller amounts of sample per animal.</span

Digestibilidade in vitro e degradabilidade in situ de diferentes variedades de grãos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v26i4.1737

This work had the goal to evaluate the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PB), ethereal extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the whole or broken grain of the following varieties C11, Embrapa 122 and M734 and in situ degradability of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy of sunflower seed, variety Catisol. The DIVMS of M734 was lower in 15,5 and 14,4%, when compared to the varieties C11 and Embrapa 122, respectively. In the DIVEE, the difference was 22,5% and 19,1%, respectively. The superiority of DIVPB in the variety C11 was 3,1% when compared to the varieties Embrapa 122 and M734. The fraction a of the broken grain obtained superior coefficient in 45,1% to MS, 70,7% to PB, 72,6% to EE and 84,9% to DFN when compared to the whole grain. The fraction b of the whole grain was bigger in 33,8% to MS, 36,4% to PB, 26,9% to EE. To FDN, the broken grain was superior in 42,9%. The fraction c was superior to MS, PB, EE and FDN of the broken grain related to the whole grain in 92,7; 94,7; 96,1 and 62,9%, respectively. The effective degradability of MS (DEMS), PB (DEPB), EE (DEEE) and FDN (DEFDN) to 5%/h, were higher to the whole grain in 60,0; 73,9; 80,0 and 76,2%, respectively. In the passage tax of 8%/h, the superiority of the broken grain was 60,6; 75,6; 81,0 e 78,7%, respectively.Foram avaliadas a digestibilidade in vitro da MS, PB, EE e FDN do grão de girassol inteiro ou quebrado das variedades C11, Embrapa 122 e M734 e a degradabilidade in situ da MS, PB e EB de grãos da variedade Catisol. A DIVMS da M734 foi inferior em 15,5% e 14,4% para as variedades C11 e Embrapa 122. Na DIVEE, a diferença foi de 22,5% e 19,1%. A superioridade da DIVPB na variedade C11 foi de 3,1% quando comparada com as variedades Embrapa 122 e M734. Os grãos quebrados foram superiores na solubilidade da fração a em 45,1% (MS), 70,7% (PB), 72,6% (EE) e 84,9% (FDN) e taxa de degradação da fração b foi superior para a MS, PB, EE e FDN. A fração b para o grão quebrado foi superior em 33,8% (MS), 36,4% (PB), 26,9% (EE) e 42,9% (FDN). As degradabilidades efetivas da MS, PB, EE e FDN foram superiores para o grão quebrado em 60,0%, 73,9%, 80,0% e 76,2%. Quando utilizou-se para o cálculo a taxa passagem de 5%/h, na taxa de passagem de 8%/h, o comportamento foi semelhante