Behavioral genetics and taste

This review focuses on behavioral genetic studies of sweet, umami, bitter and salt taste responses in mammals. Studies involving mouse inbred strain comparisons and genetic analyses, and their impact on elucidation of taste receptors and transduction mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the effect of genetic variation in taste responsiveness on complex traits such as drug intake is considered. Recent advances in development of genomic resources make behavioral genetics a powerful approach for understanding mechanisms of taste

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Past and current perspective on new therapeutic targets for Type-II diabetes

Pradip D Patil,1,* Umesh B Mahajan,1,* Kalpesh R Patil,2,* Sandip Chaudhari,1 Chandragouda R Patil,1 Yogeeta O Agrawal,3 Shreesh Ojha,4 Sameer N Goyal11Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2Department of Pharmacology, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 3Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra, India; 4Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE *These authors contributed equally to this workAbstract: Loss of pancreatic β-cell function is a hallmark of Type-II diabetes mellitus (DM). It is a chronic metabolic disorder that results from defects in both insulin secretion and insulin action. Recently, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study reported that Type-II DM is a progressive disorder. Although, DM can be treated initially by monotherapy with oral agent; eventually, it may require multiple drugs. Additionally, insulin therapy is needed in many patients to achieve glycemic control. Pharmacological approaches are unsatisfactory in improving the consequences of insulin resistance. Single therapeutic approach in the treatment of Type-II DM is unsuccessful and usually a combination therapy is adopted. Increased understanding of biochemical, cellular and pathological alterations in Type-II DM has provided new insight in the management of Type-II DM. Knowledge of underlying mechanisms of Type-II DM development is essential for the exploration of novel therapeutic targets. Present review provides an insight into therapeutic targets of Type-II DM and their role in the development of insulin resistance. An overview of important signaling pathways and mechanisms in Type-II DM is provided for the better understanding of disease pathology. This review includes case studies of drugs that are withdrawn from the market. The experience gathered from previous studies and knowledge of Type-II DM pathways can guide the anti-diabetic drug development toward the discovery of clinically viable drugs that are useful in Type-II DM.Keywords: Type-II diabetes mellitus, therapeutic targets, discontinued drugs, insulin resistanc

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Not AvailablePurpose: Leptospirosis has wide clinical presentations often mimicking other illnesses, thus rapid and simple diagnostics will have facilitated the initial patient management and therapy compared to other inaccessible and laborious tests/assays. Method: In this study, the sensitized latex beads coated with purified recombinant outer membrane (OM)-leptospiral surface antigen (Lsa27) lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira was evaluated as a diagnostic antigen in latex agglutination test (LAT) for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in the human sera. The prepared rLsa27 latex beads were evaluated with the confirmed microscopic agglutination test (MAT) reactive (at 1:50) Leptospira-specific positive (n = 42) and non-reactive negative (n = 80) sera from human cases suspected of leptospirosis with the history of pyrexia of unknown origin. Result: The results revealed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 90.48 % (confidence interval (CI) at 95 % : 77.4-97.3 %) and diagnostic specificity of 91.35 % (CI at 95 %: 82.8-96.4 %), with an accuracy of 90.98 % (CI at 95 %: 84.44-95.41 %), and the kappa value of 0.8036 ± 0.056 SE (CI at 95 %: 0.69-0.91) with a substantial agreement against gold standard serological MAT. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the rLsa27 protein-based LAT can be useful as a simple rapid screening diagnostic test for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in the sera of humans. This rapid test can be complemented by other confirmatory diagnostics for the early detection of Leptospira antibodies which may in turn help in the prompt treatment and mitigates the public health problem at primary health care levelNot Availabl