“A SHORT HISTORY OF TIME” CHARTING THE CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SERVICE DELIVERY TO ENHANCE CHILD JUSTICE 1996-20061

The starting point of this article has been selected as 1996 for several reasons. That year wascharacterised by three signal events in the history of child justice in South Africa. First, 1996heralded the adoption of the Correctional Services Amendment Act 14 of 1996, now infamous ashaving re-paved the way for the incarceration of children aged below 18 in prisons whilstawaiting trial. This was a step taken to address the (by then) well-known difficulties caused at apractical level by the previous amending legislation of a year earlier (Skelton, 2005:396-403),which sought to prohibit altogether the detention of children in prison after an initial 48-hourperiod prior to appearance in court

de Sitter limit of inflation and nonlinear perturbation theory

We study the fourth order action of the comoving curvature perturbation in an inflationary universe in order to understand more systematically the de Sitter limit in nonlinear cosmological perturbation theory. We derive the action of the curvature perturbation to fourth order in the comoving gauge, and show that it vanishes sufficiently fast in the de Sitter limit. By studying the de Sitter limit, we then extrapolate to the n'th order action of the comoving curvature perturbation and discuss the slow-roll order of the n-point correlation function.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure; typos corrected and discussion of tensor modes adde

Only severe gastric ulcers reduce performance in growing-finishing pigs

Ulceration in the pars oesophageal region of the stomach of pigs is frequently registered at slaughter. Pigs with gastric lesions are reported to have lowered productivity (Ayles et al., 1996), but other studies have found no significant effects on performance (Guise et al., 1997). The objective of this study was to quantify the correlation between ulcer severity and growth performance in growing-finishing pigs

Performance and gastric ulcers in growing-finishing pigs fed alfalfa hay meal or a coarse-milled pelleted diet

Danish producers using pelleted feed and experiencing problems with gastric ulcers in their herd are sometimes advised to use diets containing alfalfa hay meal or diets that have greater mean particle size. However the effects of such interventions have not fully been investigated. These experiments investigated the effect of alfalfa hay meal and coarser milling in pelleted diets on growth performance and occurrence of gastric ulcers in growing-finishing pigs

"Just say sorry?" Ubuntu, Africanisation and the Child Justice System in the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008

In the midst of concerns about serious offences committed by young people, the Child Justice Act is the first formal legislative step to introduce restorative justice in South Africa, and promotes reconciliation and problem solving as an approach to the criminal behaviour of youth.This article analyses the new place of restorative justice and ubuntu in the Act through an analysis of the Preamble, Objects and General Principles sections of the Act as well as the chapters on diversion and sentencing. It notes that there is a clear and consistent framework for restorative justice and ubuntu in the Act that accords with the Constitutional Court’s understanding of both concepts.In addition, the article also enquires if the inclusion of these concepts has created a criminal justice system for children that does not hold them properly accountable for their actions. The question as to whether or not the Act has created a "just say sorry" regime is answered in the negative by way of reference to the numerous checks and balances included in the Act by the legislature.In this context it is contended that the inclusion of ubuntu-related ideologies remains relevant to the development of indigenous and locally constructed images of Africanised forms of justice, but that the true test of how it is integrated into the criminal justice system lies in the manner in which criminal justice role-players engage with ubuntu and how its implementation is effected.    

South Africa, the arts and youth in conflict with the law

This paper describes the DIME (Diversion into Music Education) youth intervention program that originated in South Africa in 2001. DIME offers instruction in African marimba and djembe bands to juvenile offenders. Conceived as a community collaboration among organizations in the cities of Cape Town, SA and Tampa, USA (including the University of the Western Cape and the University of South Florida), DIME offers a unique example of community music and multicultural music education.Web of Scienc

Liquid Side Streams from Mussel and Herring Processing as Sources of Potential Income

The seafood industry generates significant amounts of process waters which can generate value upon recovery of their nutrients. Process waters from the herring marination chain and cooking of mussels were here characterized in terms of crude composition, volatile compounds, and nutritional and potentially toxic elements. Protein and total fatty acid contents of herring refrigerated sea water (RSW) reached 3 and 0.14 g/L, respectively, while herring presalting brine (13%) reached 16.3 g/L protein and 0.77 g/L total fatty acid. Among three herring marination brines vinegar brine (VMB), spice brine (SPB), and salt brine (SMB), SPB reached the highest protein (39 g/L) and fatty acids (3.0 g/L), whereas SMB and VMB at the most had 14 and 21 g protein/L, respectively, and 0.6 and 9.9 g fatty acids/L, respectively. Essential amino acid (EAA) in marination brines accounted for up to 59% of total amino acid (TAA). From mussel processing, cooking juice had more protein (14-23 g/L) than the rest of the process waters, and in all water types, EAA reached up to 42% of TAA. For all process waters, the most abundant nutritional elements were Na, K, P, Ca, and Se. The content of all potentially toxic elements was mostly below LOD, except for As which ranged from 0.07 to 1.07 mg/kg among all tested waters. Our findings shed light on liquid seafood side streams as untapped resources of nutrients which can be valorized into food/feed products