Pre-emptive Dynamic Source Routing: A Repaired Backup Approach and Stability Based DSR with Multiple Routes

DSR algorithm finds out the best path for communicating between two nodes in a highly dynamic environment. Since, the environment changes frequently, the probability of established path breakage is also high. Again, as the breakage possibility increases, a new route has to be discovered every time .In order to avoid path discovery every time, we propose the modification of the existing DSR algorithm. In this paper we propose an enhancement of the DSR protocol based on a backup route(second best route) which will be provided by the destination node to the source node along with the best route during the process of path discovery. During the path maintenance process, in case any intermediate node identifies that the signal strength falls below a threshold i.e. the established route is about to break, the intermediate node sends a caution message to the source node. The source node switches the communication through the backup path , apprehending that the established route is about to break. As the communication through the backup route takes place, the previous route is repaired, if possible and acts as the new backup route. This process of toggling between backup route and established route reduces the call for path discovery to some extent. The stability in consideration of failure of common link and nodes in the back up repaired algorithm has been investigated with new algorithm for stable route selection

Electrochemical stimuli-driven facile metal-free hydrogen evolution from pyrene-porphyrin-based crystalline covalent organic framework

A [2+2] Schiff base type condensation between 5, 10,15, 20 tetrakis(4 aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAP) and 1,3,6,8 tetrakis (4 formylphenyl) pyrene (TFFPy) under solvothermal condition yields a crystalline, quasi two dimensional covalent organic framework (SB PORPy COF). The porphyrin and pyrene units are alternatively occupied in the vertex of 3D triclinic crystal having permanent micro-porosity with moderately high surface area (~869 m2g-1) and promising chemical stability. The AA stacking of the monolayers give a pyrene bridged conducting channel. SB PORPy COF has been exploited for metal free hydrogen production to understand the electrochemical behavior using the imine based docking site in acidic media. SB PORPy-COF has shown the onset potential of 50 mV and the Tafel slope of 116 mV dec-1. We expect that the addendum of the imine based COF would not only enrich the structural variety but also help to understand the electrochemical behavior of these class of materials

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Muzaffarpur District, Bihar, India from 1990 to 2008

BACKGROUND: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by Phlebotomus argentipes. To understand the VL seasonality, annual and monthly variations of VL incidence and its relationship to meteorological variables, the numbers of VL cases reported in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India from 1990 to 2008 were studied. METHODS: Annual VL incidence per 10,000 and the total number of annual VL cases reported at block Community Health Centres (CHC), Public Hospitals or Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) and the number of VL cases per month from 2000 to 2008 as well as the monthly average of cases for 2000-08, 2000-04 and 2005-08 periods along with the monthly averages of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity were plotted. VL Standardised Incidence Ratios per block were computed for the periods of 1990-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2004 and 2005-2008 and month wise from 2002 to 2008. A negative binomial regression model was used to evaluate the association between meteorological variables and the number of VL cases per month from 2000 to 2008. RESULTS: A total of 68,358 VL cases were reported in Muzaffarpur district from 1990 to 2008, ranging from 1,2481 in 1992 to 1,161 in 2001. The blocks with the highest number of cases shifted from East (1990-98) to West (1999-2008). Monthly averages of cases ranged from 149 to 309, highest peak in March-April and another one in July. Monthly VL incidence was associated positively to rainfall and negatively to relative humidity and the numbers of VL cases in the previous month. INTERPRETATION: The number of cases reported to the public health sector allowed the describing of the spatial distribution and temporal variations in the Muzaffarpur from 1990 to 2008. However, to assess the actual VL burden, as well as the efficacy of the control measures applied in the district, reporting from private practices and NGOs should be encouraged

The dynamic cilium in human diseases

Cilia are specialized organelles protruding from the cell surface of almost all mammalian cells. They consist of a basal body, composed of two centrioles, and a protruding body, named the axoneme. Although the basic structure of all cilia is the same, numerous differences emerge in different cell types, suggesting diverse functions. In recent years many studies have elucidated the function of 9+0 primary cilia. The primary cilium acts as an antenna for the cell, and several important pathways such as Hedgehog, Wnt and planar cell polarity (PCP) are transduced through it. Many studies on animal models have revealed that during embryogenesis the primary cilium has an essential role in defining the correct patterning of the body. Cilia are composed of hundreds of proteins and the impairment or dysfunction of one protein alone can cause complete loss of cilia or the formation of abnormal cilia. Mutations in ciliary proteins cause ciliopathies which can affect many organs at different levels of severity and are characterized by a wide spectrum of phenotypes. Ciliary proteins can be mutated in more than one ciliopathy, suggesting an interaction between proteins. To date, little is known about the role of primary cilia in adult life and it is tempting to speculate about their role in the maintenance of adult organs. The state of the art in primary cilia studies reveals a very intricate role. Analysis of cilia-related pathways and of the different clinical phenotypes of ciliopathies helps to shed light on the function of these sophisticated organelles. The aim of this review is to evaluate the recent advances in cilia function and the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their activity

Atomic-resolution structures and mode of action of clinically relevant antimicrobial peptides

Global rise of infections and deaths caused by drug-resistant bacterial pathogens are among the unmet medical needs. In an age of drying pipeline of novel antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are proven to be valid therapeutics modalities. Direct in vivo applications of many AMPs could be challenging; however, works are demonstrating encouraging results for some of them. In this review article, we discussed 3-D structures of potent AMPs e.g., polymyxin, thanatin, MSI, protegrin, OMPTA in complex with bacterial targets and their mode of actions. Studies on human peptide LL37 and de novo-designed peptides are also discussed. We have focused on AMPs which are effective against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Since treatment options for the infections caused by super bugs of Gram-negative bacteria are now extremely limited. We also summarize some of the pertinent challenges in the field of clinical trials of AMPs.Ministry of Education (MOE)Published versionS.B. acknowledges funding from Ministry of Education (MOE) and Biomedical Research Council (BMRC), Singapore. This research was partly supported by Science and Engineering Research Board, Govt. of India (File No. EMR/2017/003457 to AB)

Multitude NMR studies of alpha-synuclein familial mutants: probing their differential aggregation propensities

Familial mutations in alpha-synuclein affect the immediate chemical environment of the protein's backbone, changing its aggregation kinetics and forming diverse structural and functional intermediates. This study, concerning two oppositely aggregating mutants A30P and E46K, reveals a completely diverse conformational landscape for each, thus providing atomistic insights into differences in their aggregation dynamics

Mild and efficient coupling of diazo compounds with azaaromatic systems under solvent-free conditions

Diazoesters and diazoketones undergo smooth coupling with activated quinolines and isoquinolines under extremely mild conditions to afford diazo-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1,2-dihydro-quinolines and -isoquinolines, respectively, in good to high yields with high selectivity