Variability in gene cassette patterns of class 1 and 2 integrons associated with multi drug resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Tehran-Iran

Background: To investigate antibiotic resistance, the occurrence and distribution of class 1 and 2 integrons in multidrug- resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The isolates were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. The mecA gene, class 1 and 2 integrons were detected by PCR. Integrase positive strains were further analysed for the presence of resistance gene cassettes using specific primers and were sequenced. Results: Among 139S.aureus isolates, 109 (78.4 ) and 112 (80.5 ) strains were considered as multidrug resistant and mecA positive, respectively. Class 1 integrons and internal variable regions were found in 72.6 (101/139) and 97 (98/101) and class 2 integrons and variable regions also in 35.2 (49/139) and 65.3 (32/49) of S.aureus clinical isolates, respectively. Twelve distinct cassette arrays were found, containing genes encoding resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, streptothricin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol,a putative glucose dehydrogenase precursor and a protein with unknown function. Gene cassette arrays aadB, aadA2 and dhfrA1-sat2-aadA1 were common in S.aureus isolates. We detected a completely new gene cassettes which contained aadB, oxa2, aacA4, orfD-aacA4-catB8, aadB-catB3, orfD-aacA4 and aadB-aadA1-cmlA6 of class 1 and dhfrA1-sat2-aadA1, dhfrA11, dhfrA1-sat2 of class 2 integrons. Conclusions: This is the first study to report carriage of class 1 and 2 integrons and associated gene cassettes among in S.aureus isolates from Iran. © 2015 Mostafa et al

Meta analysis of organizational culture's effect on implementing knowledge management in organizations (Iran: 1380-1391)

In recent years, discussion of knowledge has become the subject of scientific settings. Knowledge courses competitive advantage and organization that are not able to gain required knowledge will die quickly. One of the instruments that enables organization to improve is knowledge management. But, this is not enough, because success in organization is largely depends upon support of organizational culture for knowledge management strategy. The purpose of present research was to study the effect of organizational culture on implementing knowledge management in organizations. To this aim, among 42 research, 13 were selected to do meta analysis. Research instrument was Meta analysis checklist. Findings showed that size of effect of organizational culture upon implementing knowledge management in organizations was 0.77 at (P≤0.002). This amount is at high level, based on Cohen table. This finding suggests increase in investment to develop cultural infrastructure in organization. Organizational culture acts as a powerful tool in empowering organizational behavior and cause people to share and disseminate their knowledge in order to maintain their personal power and effectiveness

Effect of Application of Biofertilizers and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In order to study the effects of biofertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on yield and yield components of spring wheat a factorial experiment based on randomized completed blocks design with replications was conducted at the Mohsenabad, Mehran Research station in Ilam, Iran during 2009-2010. Experimental factors consisted of phosphorus chemical fertilizers at four levels(0, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1) and bio-fertilizer at four levels (non-inoculation, inoculating with Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas Putida and Azotobacter plus Pseudomonas). Results of analysis variance showed that using chemical fertilizer significantly effected grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height and protein content. The highest grain and biological yields were produced by applying180 kg ha-1, while its effects on other traits were not significantly different from that of 135 kg ha-1. Biological fertilizers, on the other hand increased grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height and protein content as compared to non inoculation treatment. The highest grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height and protein content obtained from application of Azotobacter plus Pseudomonas. Grain yield, harvest index, biological, plant height were affected by interaction effects of chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizers. The highest and lowest grain yield belonged to the application of 180 kg ha-1 of chemical fertilizer and Azotobacter plus Pseudomonas and non- chemical fertilizer and non-inoculation, respectively, but the difference between 135 and 180 kg.ha-1 was not statistically different. Thus, it is cheaper to recommend use of 135 kg ha-1 of chemical fertilizer and Azotobacter plus Pseudomonas to get acceptable grain and biological yields

Evaluation the Grain-Filling Duration and Yield of Triticale Cultivars on Different Sowing Dates in Ahvaz Region

In order to study the effect of sowing date on grain yield and grain-filling duration of triticale cultivars, an experiment was conducted based on strip-plot experiment with four replicates at Ramin Agricultural Research and Educational Center (RAREC) during 2009-10. The sowing date treatments were November, 10th (Aban, 20th) and December, 4th (Azar, 14th) and the cultivars include: ET.79-3،ET.79-4،ET.79-17،ET.82-8،ET.82-15،ET.82-1،ET.83-20،ET.84-5،ET.84-8،ET.84-15،ET.85-7، ET.85-9, and Govanilo -91. Results showed that the sowing date had significant effect on the duration from planting to tillering, the duration from planting to spiking, and the amount of chlorophyll. There were significant differences between the cultivars for plant height, spike height, the duration from planting to spiking, and the amount of chlorophyll. The first sowing date with 34.13-day duration of grain-filling had lower filling rate in comparison to the second sowing date. In the second planting date, due to more heat, the during of grain-filling period was reduced to 25.5 days. Nevertheless, as a result of the proper temperature at the region, grain-filling rate increased to 1.51 mg/day. Therefore, in order to increase the grain-yield and 1000 –seed-weight, one possible way is to use the cultivars which, along with the heat-stress tolerance, are capable of increasing the duration of grain-filling through increasing their photosynthesis. As a result, ET.79-3, ET.82-16, and Javanilo-92 cultivars in late-sowing time (Dec, 4th) and ET.84-5 and ET.79-17 in early-sowing (Nov, 10th) showed to have maximum grain yield