Feminist science and epistemologies: Key issues central to GENNOVATE's research program

This methodological brief offers a window into GENNOVATE’s innovative collaborative research initiative to promote gender equality in agricultural and natural resource management. It addresses questions such as 1) Why is it important to distinguish among epistemology, methodology, and methods?; 2) What is feminist epistemology?; 3) What can researchers of gender, agriculture, and innovation learn from engaging the contributions of feminist epistemology?; and 4) How has GENNOVATE integrated lessons from feminist methods and feminist epistemics about gender relations, agricultural change, and innovation

Locke's Natural and Religious Epistemology

in their famous correspondence, Stillingfleet objects that Locke's definition of knowledge, by limiting certainty to the perception of the agreement or disagreement of ideas, lessens the credibility of faith. Locke replies that his definition of knowledge does not affect the credibility of an article of faith at all, for faith and knowledge are entirely different cognitive acts: The truth of the matter of fact is in short this, that I have placed knowledge in the perception of the agreement or disagreement of ideas. This definition of knowledge, your lordship said, "might be of dangerous consequence to that article of faith, which you have endeavored to defend." This I denied, and gave this reason for it, viz...

An Evaluation of Mumps Antibody Titers Among Pharmacy Students Before and After a University Mumps Outbreak

Mumps outbreaks continue to transpire across the United States despite the available MMR (Measles-Mumps-Rubella) vaccine and seemingly high vaccination rates. There is limited evidence surrounding the management, impact, and prevention of mumps outbreaks. In particular, there are currently no formal recommendations from the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) regarding the administration of additional doses of the MMR vaccine during a mumps outbreak. Furthermore, there are unanswered questions of possible waning of vaccine-induced mumps immunity and the impact of a third dose of the MMR vaccine to assist in mumps outbreak control. Existing studies suggest that administration of the MMR vaccine during a mumps outbreak may decrease the attack rate and number of mumps cases. This study will characterize mumps antibody titer levels of pharmacy students obtained before and after a university mumps outbreak. The current study will also assess for evidence of possible waning of vaccine-induced mumps immunity in pharmacy student subjects

An observational study on the dietary intake, nutrition practices, hydration status and energy expenditure in competitive one-day cricket matches : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of a Masters of Science in Human Nutrition, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand

Background: Cricket is one of the oldest sports in existence, the first international match dates back to 1844. Modern day cricket with increasing elite level representation has resulted in higher physical performance demands on players. Despite this there is little information available regarding the energy cost, dietary intake and hydration status of cricket players during matches. Objective: To investigate pre-match and match dietary intake; hydration status and energy expenditure (EE) of high performing male players within 50-over cricket matches. Methods: High performing male cricket players (>16y) from the Auckland Cricket Association, were invited to participate in an observational study that took place during competitive ‘one-day format’ cricket matches. Pre-match hydration was tested for urine specific gravity (Usg), end of match hydration was determined from percentage body mass (BM) change and sweat loss was estimated from end of match BM less calculated BM (pre-match BM + food and fluid mass – urine output). Dietary intakes were assessed using food records (pre match) and direct observation (during match). Global positioning system units were worn to provide time motion analysis data. EE was calculated from relative metabolic load multiplied by pre-match BM. Statistical analyses using independent t-tests and bivariate correlations were performed to investigate relationships between variables. Results: Match data were collected from 27 cases over six games from 18 participants. Early morning pre-match dehydration (≥Usg 1.020 g.ml-1) was reported in 81.5% of cases. The minimum recommended pre-event fluid intake (5 ml.kg-1) was met by 28% of participants (n=5). A pre-match carbohydrate (CHO) intake of <1 g∙kg-1 was reported for 66.6% of participants, and match CHO intake of < 30 g.h-1 was found for 37% of cases. End of match BM percent losses occurred in 59.2% and the highest loss reported was 2% (n=2). Match fluid intake was positively associated with match sweat loss (P<0.001). The average match EE per hour was 1015 ± 266 kJ∙h-1. There was no relationship between match EE and energy intake. Conclusion: Most players were dehydrated early morning, and almost one third had an inadequate pre-match fluid intake. Match rehydration was insufficient in over two-thirds of the cases and CHO intake was insufficient for two thirds pre-match and for one third during the match. The results from this study indicate that educating this group of cricket players on pre-match and match dietary and fluid requirements and on individual hydration monitoring practices is warranted. Further investigations on the energy cost of cricket matches are warranted to further determine the demands of the game, specifically focusing on positional demands