Forest Fragmentation Effects In Population Genetic Structure Of Esenbeckia Leiocarpa Engl. (guarantã) [efeitos Da Fragmentação Florestal Na Estrutura Genética De Populações De Esenbeckia Leiocarpa Engl. (guarantã)]

Studies of forest fragmentation effects upon the genetic structure of selected species are important for planning genetic conservation strategies. They can indicate the genetic behavior of species with similar ecological characteristics. Esenbeckia leiocarpa is a myophilic and autochoric Rutaceae tropical tree species occurring in an aggregated distribution in Tropical Moist Seazonal Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with several subpopulations constituting a forest fragment population. Leaf tissues of individuals from two subpopulation from a 2178 hectares forest fragment and two subpopulations from a 76 hectares forest fragment were analysed in alozymes horizontal electrophoresis in corn starch gel support. A1 the loci showing from 1 to 4 alleles. The loci Pgm-1, Idh-1 and Mdh-2 were monomorphic. Skdh-1, 6Pgdh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-3, Mdh-4, Est-1, Prx-1 and Pgi2 loci were polymorphic. The average of observed heterozigosity (Ho) and expected heterozigosity (Ĥe) were not statistically signifficant. The f̂ and F̂ values, suggested that the populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic diversity among populations (θ̂p) was 12.1% for adult individuals and 8.7% for the progenies showing diferences among populations. The allele frequencies of subpopulations from the larger fragment showed greater differences than those from the smaller fragment. Allele fixation levels were more homogenous in the smaller fragment subpopulation. The gene flow was the hight among subpopulations in Ibicatu fragment. Hierarquical analysis of genetic distribution within and among populations and subpopulations showed that the major part of genetic variability of species is maintained within subpopulations. 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Allelopathic potential of bark and leaves of Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. (Rutaceae)

We investigated the inhibitory potential of aqueous extracts of bark and leaves of Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. on lettuce germination and early seedling growth. We compared the effects of four concentrations (100, 75, 50 and 25%) of each extract to water and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution controls for four replicates of 50 seeds for germination and four replicates of ten seedlings for seedling growth. The inhibitory effects of E. leiocarpa extracts on the percentage of germination and on the germination speed seemed to be more than simply an osmotic effect, except for the percentage of seeds germinated in bark extracts. When compared to water control, both bark and leaf extracts delayed germination, and leaf extracts also affected the percentage of germinated seeds. Leaf extracts of all concentrations strongly inhibited the development of seedlings and caused them some degree of abnormality; bark extracts also caused abnormalities and reduced seedling growth. Root development was more sensitive to the extracts than hypocotyl growth. The negative effects of leaf extracts on germination and seedling growth were more pronounced than those of bark extracts, and the overall effects of both extracts were positively correlated with extract concentrations