Remote multi-camera system for in situ observations of behaviour and predator/prey interactions of marine benthic macrofauna

There are few options for obtaining information on intra- and inter-species behavioural interactions between marine animals other than direct observation. Underwater video and infrared lighting can be used to overcome some of the biases and limitations associated with diver observations. We outline the assembly and application of a multi-camera underwater video system consisting largely of moderately priced components produced for the security surveillance industry. Signals from up to eight cameras on the seafloor are processed on a floating pontoon into a single video stream and transmitted to a remote monitoring station for viewing or recording. High-red and infrared lights are used for night viewing to minimise disturbance. Experiments incorporating this system have provided high-quality data on predation and behaviour of lobsters

Does pleopod setation provide a measure of maturity in female southern rock lobsters Jasus edwardsii?

Processes affecting the estimation of the size at onset of maturity (SOM) using ovigerous setae were investigated in southern rock lobsters Jasus edwardsii. Comparison of estimates of SOM based on ovigerous setae in samples collected during summer months (December-March) with those based on the presence of external eggs from winter months (June-August) indicated that ovigerous setae provide an accurate classification of maturity. Females with partially developed setation on pleopods are frequently observed in research catch-sampling projects and their maturity status was unclear. Our results show that these females with partially developed setae are most appropriately classed as immature, based on comparison between estimates of SOM determined by presence of external eggs or setae. The seasonal timing of field sampling affected estimates of SOM based on ovigerous setae, though tag-recapture data indicated that this was not associated with a loss of setae during a second annual moult. Estimates of SOM for populations of Jasus edwardsii around Tasmania can be based on maturity classification using ovigerous setae but care should be taken to ensure that seasonal timing of sampling is consistent

The effect of cooking on carapace length of Southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii (Hutton), 1875 (Decapoda, Palinuridae)

In several Australian states, the claimed potential for shrinkage of rock lobsters during cooking is a problem for enforcement of rock lobster fisheries regulations based on a minimum legal size. In Tasmania, uncertainty about the potential for shrinkage of rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) regularly prevents prosecution. We tested the potential for shrinkage of rock lobsters by cooking 21 animals under typical industry protocols. Cooking had no statistically detectable effect on carapace length

A Quantitative Metric to Identify Critical Elements within Seafood Supply Networks

A theoretical basis is required for comparing key features and critical elements in wild fisheries and aquaculture supply chains under a changing climate. Here we develop a new quantitative metric that is analogous to indices used to analyse food-webs and identify key species. The Supply Chain Index (SCI) identifies critical elements as those elements with large throughput rates, as well as greater connectivity. The sum of the scores for a supply chain provides a single metric that roughly captures both the resilience and connectedness of a supply chain. Standardised scores can facilitate crosscomparisons both under current conditions as well as under a changing climate. Identification of key elements along the supply chain may assist in informing adaptation strategies to reduce anticipated future risks posed by climate change. The SCI also provides information on the relative stability of different supply chains based on whether there is a fairly even spread in the individual scores of the top few key elements, compared with a more critical dependence on a few key individual supply chain elements. We use as a case study the Australian southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii fishery, which is challenged by a number of climate change drivers such as impacts on recruitment and growth due to changes in largescale and local oceanographic features. The SCI identifies airports, processors and Chinese consumers as the key elements in the lobster supply chain that merit attention to enhance stability and potentially enable growth. We also apply the index to an additional four real-world Australian commercial fishery and two aquaculture industry supply chains to highlight the utility of a systematic method for describing supply chains. Overall, our simple methodological approach to empiricallybased supply chain research provides an objective method for comparing the resilience of supply chains and highlighting components that may be critical

Evaluation of techniques for estimating fishery assessment parameters in the Tasmanian Rock Lobster Fishery

Rock lobsters are one of the premiere seafood products around the world. High demand has led to most lobster fisheries being over or fully exploited. The Tasmanian rock lobster fishery is no exception and has become a major industry for Tasmania since its rapid commercialisation in the early part of the last century. The Tasmanian fishery, based on the southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii, is the backbone of the Tasmanian fishing fleet and provides valuable socio-economic input into many of Tasmania's coastal rural towns. For this reason, the Government requires scientists to try to provide accurate and precise assessments of this fishery for their managers. The most recent change in the assessment of this fishery was the development of a mathematical assessment model. In addition to assessing the current state of the resource, the model has forward projection capabilities so that future harvest strategies can be evaluated. Like all fishery models, the Tasmanian assessment model is based on a number of assumptions for estimating biomass and egg production. In addition, the model assumes that the dynamics of fishing remain constant from year to year. However, the dynamics of the fishery are changing as management, technology and markets change the behaviour of fishers. The change to an Individual Transferable Quota management system in 1998 has seen fishers focus on the dollar return per kilogram, rather than maximising their catch, as a way to improve profitability. Global positioning and echo sounder technology enable fishers to locate and chart lobster habitat better than ever before, and the rapid expansion of air transportation has seen the opening of Asian markets for premium priced live lobsters. To ensure that model estimates are reliable under changing patterns of exploitation, model estimates need to be validated. This is best achieved by estimating the same parameters using different techniques.Trials to obtain estimates of exploitation rate and biomass using change-in-ratio (CIR) and index-removal (IR) techniques have provided encouraging results for southern regions of the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery. The latter two methods require that there be (at least) two surveys within a year, with harvest(s) occurring between surveys. The two methods have generally provided similar results. However, on occasion, the CIR and IR results were widely divergent with the IR estimates of exploitation rate much higher than the CIR estimate. I examined the assumptions required to be meet for use of each of these techniques, especially the assumptions regarding catchability. Diagnostic tests were developed for each of the techniques to ensure that the assumptions of catchability are met. The CIR technique, which has a weaker assumption of catchability, was more robust than theIR technique. Application of the diagnostic tests resulted in several estimates being discarded. Despite this, exploitation rate estimates were available for five of the six fishing years. The diagnostic tests also demonstrated when an earlier than expected moult had occurred in the fishery. This moult affected the end of season sample which could no longer be used to obtain exploitation rate estimates. In northern regions of Tasmania, moulting occurs within the fishing season and the CIR and IR techniques can not be used. This thesis evaluates an alternative approach to stock assessment using multi-year tagging studies to estimate fishing and natural mortality in northern regions of the fishery. Data obtained from a tagging project undertaken from 1992 to 1995 were analyzed. The most parsimonious model was based on using three tagging events each fishing season, and estimating annual fishing mortalities and a single natural mortality estimate over the duration of the study. Fishing mortality was partitioned to the period of the year based on the amount of fishing effort between tagging events. Natural mortality was partitioned to the period based on the amount of time elapsed between tagging events. Although annual fishing mortalities could be estimated for each sex, a more parsimonious model was obtained when female fishing mortality was set as a proportion of male fishing mortality dependent on the amount of fishing effort in the female fishing season relative to the amount of effort in the entire fishing year. Tag reporting rate was also held constant in the model over the period of the study. Results demonstrated that relatively precise estimates of annual fishing mortality and tag reporting rate could be obtained but natural mortality was imprecisely estimated. Annual estimates of instantaneous fishing mortality were high, averaging around 1.0 to 1.2 per year, and were similar to those obtained by the assessment model. The precision of annual fishing mortalities estimated in the years after tagging ceased declined due to the low number of tags returned. Low tag returns were associated with the high exploitation rates and low tag reporting rate (estimated to be 22% ). Natural mortality was estimated for all years combined. The estimate of natural mortality was zero with a standard error of 0.2 per year. Natural mortality is an extremely difficult parameter to estimate. Current estimates, which are used in models for southern rock lobster throughout its range in Australia and New Zealand, are based on a small number of long term recaptures from southern Tasmania. Often, in fisheries such as the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery, a major management objective is to rebuild the stock and lower exploitation rates. Under declining exploitation rate, the need for a precise estimate of natural mortality increases. This thesis investigated four different ways to improve precision of estimated parameters using multi-year tagging models. Simulations were patterned after that Tasmanian rock lobster fishery and showed that the best gains in precision were obtained by either increasing the tag reporting rate or increasing the duration of the study. Although there was considerable potential to increase tag reporting rate as the estimate from the above study was low, there can be no guarantee that either increased rewards or improved publicity will result in an increase in tag reporting rate. The most certain way of increasing the precision of natural mortality was by increasing the duration of the study. This thesis suggests a design based on three years of twice a year tagging followed by three years of once a year tagging. This thesis also investigated selectivity estimates from the fishery because selectivity is assumed to be constant from year to year in the assessment model. Selectivity was found to change as the size composition of the lobster population changed. Large lobsters were found to inhibit the catchability of small lobsters. As large lobsters are removed from the population over time the catch rate of small lobsters can be expected to increase. Thus selectivity can be expected to vary as a function of the exploitation rate. Assessment models, which are based on size structure, need to account for changes in selectivity as the size structure of the population changes. Otherwise, if the increase in catchability of small lobsters is not accounted for, it is likely that declining recruitment to the fishery will not be fully detected. This study found selectivity to be an important parameter in some crustacean trap fishelies and identified the need to validate the assumption of constant selectivity both within and between fishing seasons