The Gediz River fluvial archive: A benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia

The Gediz River, one of the principal rivers of Western Anatolia, has an extensive Pleistocene fluvial archive that potentially offers a unique window into fluvial system behaviour on the western margins of Asia during the Quaternary. In this paper we review our work on the Quaternary Gediz River Project (2001–2010) and present new data which leads to a revised stratigraphical model for the Early Pleistocene development of this fluvial system. In previous work we confirmed the preservation of eleven buried Early Pleistocene fluvial terraces of the Gediz River (designated GT11, the oldest and highest, to GT1, the youngest and lowest) which lie beneath the basalt-covered plateaux of the Kula Volcanic Province. Deciphering the information locked in this fluvial archive requires the construction of a robust geochronology. Fortunately, the Gediz archive provides ample opportunity for age-constraint based upon age estimates derived from basaltic lava flows that repeatedly entered the palaeo-Gediz valley floors. In this paper we present, for the first time, our complete dataset of 40Ar/39Ar age estimates and associated palaeomagnetic measurements. These data, which can be directly related to the underlying fluvial deposits, provide age constraints critical to our understanding of this sequence. The new chronology establishes the onset of Quaternary volcanism at ∼1320ka (MIS42). This volcanism, which is associated with GT6, confirms a pre-MIS42 age for terraces GT11-GT7. Evidence from the colluvial sequences directly overlying these early terraces suggests that they formed in response to hydrological and sediment budget changes forced by climate-driven vegetation change. The cyclic formation of terraces and their timing suggests they represent the obliquity-driven climate changes of the Early Pleistocene. By way of contrast the GT5-GT1 terrace sequence, constrained by a lava flow with an age estimate of ∼1247ka, span the time-interval MIS42 – MIS38 and therefore do not match the frequency of climate change as previously suggested. The onset of volcanism breaks the simple linkage of terracing to climate-driven change. These younger terraces more likely reflect a localized terracing process triggered by base level changes forced by volcanic eruptions and associated reactivation of pre-existing faults, lava dam construction, landsliding and subsequent lava-dammed lake drainage. Establishing a firm stratigraphy and geochronology for the Early Pleistocene archive provides a secure framework for future exploitation of this part of the archive and sets the standard as we begin our work on the Middle-Late Pleistocene sequence. We believe this work forms a benchmark study for detailed Quaternary research in Turkey

Probing atmospheric electric fields in thunderstorms through radio emission from cosmic-ray-induced air showers

We present measurements of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers that took place during thunderstorms. The intensity and polarization patterns of these air showers are radically different from those measured during fair-weather conditions. With the use of a simple two-layer model for the atmospheric electric field, these patterns can be well reproduced by state-of-the-art simulation codes. This in turn provides a novel way to study atmospheric electric fields

Learning from multimedia and hypermedia

Computer-based multimedia and hypermedia resources (e.g., the world wide web) have become one of the primary sources of academic information for a majority of pupils and students. In line with this expansion in the field of education, the scientific study of learning from multimedia and hypermedia has become a very active field of research. In this chapter we provide a short overview with regard to research on learning with multimedia and hypermedia. In two review sections, we describe the educational benefits of multiple representations and of learner control, as these are the two defining characteristics of hypermedia. In a third review section we describe recent scientific trends in the field of multimedia/hypermedia learning. In all three review sections we will point to relevant European work on multimedia/hypermedia carried out within the last 5 years, and often carried out within the Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence. According to the interdisciplinary nature of the field this work might come not only from psychology, but also from technology or pedagogy. Comparing the different research activities on multimedia and hypermedia that have dominated the international scientific discourse in the last decade reveals some important differences. Most important, a gap seems to exist between researchers mainly interested in a “serious” educational use of multimedia/ hypermedia and researchers mainly interested in “serious” experimental research on learning with multimedia/hypermedia. Recent discussions about the pros and cons of “design-based research” or “use-inspired basic research” can be seen as a direct consequence of an increasing awareness of the tensions within these two different cultures of research on education

The Gediz River fluvial archive

<p>The Gediz River, one of the principal rivers of Western Anatolia, has an extensive Pleistocene fluvial archive that potentially offers a unique window into fluvial system behaviour on the western margins of Asia during the Quaternary. In this paper we review our work on the Quaternary Gediz River Project (2001-2010) and present new data which leads to a revised stratigraphical model for the Early Pleistocene development of this fluvial system.In previous work we confirmed the preservation of eleven buried Early Pleistocene fluvial terraces of the Gediz River (designated GT11, the oldest and highest, to GT1, the youngest and lowest) which lie beneath the basalt-covered plateaux of the Kula Volcanic Province. Deciphering the information locked in this fluvial archive requires the construction of a robust geochronology. Fortunately, the Gediz archive provides ample opportunity for age-constraint based upon age estimates derived from basaltic lava flows that repeatedly entered the palaeo-Gediz valley floors. In this paper we present, for the first time, our complete dataset of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age estimates and associated palaeomagnetic measurements. These data, which can be directly related to the underlying fluvial deposits, provide age constraints critical to our understanding of this sequence.The new chronology establishes the onset of Quaternary volcanism at ∼1320ka (MIS42). This volcanism, which is associated with GT6, confirms a pre-MIS42 age for terraces GT11-GT7. Evidence from the colluvial sequences directly overlying these early terraces suggests that they formed in response to hydrological and sediment budget changes forced by climate-driven vegetation change. The cyclic formation of terraces and their timing suggests they represent the obliquity-driven climate changes of the Early Pleistocene. By way of contrast the GT5-GT1 terrace sequence, constrained by a lava flow with an age estimate of ∼1247ka, span the time-interval MIS42 - MIS38 and therefore do not match the frequency of climate change as previously suggested. The onset of volcanism breaks the simple linkage of terracing to climate-driven change. These younger terraces more likely reflect a localized terracing process triggered by base level changes forced by volcanic eruptions and associated reactivation of pre-existing faults, lava dam construction, landsliding and subsequent lava-dammed lake drainage.Establishing a firm stratigraphy and geochronology for the Early Pleistocene archive provides a secure framework for future exploitation of this part of the archive and sets the standard as we begin our work on the Middle-Late Pleistocene sequence. We believe this work forms a benchmark study for detailed Quaternary research in Turkey.</p

The Gediz River fluvial archive : A benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia

The Gediz River, one of the principal rivers of Western Anatolia, has an extensive Pleistocene fluvial archive that potentially offers a unique window into fluvial system behaviour on the western margins of Asia during the Quaternary. In this paper we review our work on the Quaternary Gediz River Project (2001–2010) and present new data which leads to a revised stratigraphical model for the Early Pleistocene development of this fluvial system. In previous work we confirmed the preservation of eleven buried Early Pleistocene fluvial terraces of the Gediz River (designated GT11, the oldest and highest, to GT1, the youngest and lowest) which lie beneath the basalt-covered plateaux of the Kula Volcanic Province. Deciphering the information locked in this fluvial archive requires the construction of a robust geochronology. Fortunately, the Gediz archive provides ample opportunity for age-constraint based upon age estimates derived from basaltic lava flows that repeatedly entered the palaeo-Gediz valley floors. In this paper we present, for the first time, our complete dataset of 40Ar/39Ar age estimates and associated palaeomagnetic measurements. These data, which can be directly related to the underlying fluvial deposits, provide age constraints critical to our understanding of this sequence. The new chronology establishes the onset of Quaternary volcanism at ∼1320ka (MIS42). This volcanism, which is associated with GT6, confirms a pre-MIS42 age for terraces GT11-GT7. Evidence from the colluvial sequences directly overlying these early terraces suggests that they formed in response to hydrological and sediment budget changes forced by climate-driven vegetation change. The cyclic formation of terraces and their timing suggests they represent the obliquity-driven climate changes of the Early Pleistocene. By way of contrast the GT5-GT1 terrace sequence, constrained by a lava flow with an age estimate of ∼1247ka, span the time-interval MIS42 – MIS38 and therefore do not match the frequency of climate change as previously suggested. The onset of volcanism breaks the simple linkage of terracing to climate-driven change. These younger terraces more likely reflect a localized terracing process triggered by base level changes forced by volcanic eruptions and associated reactivation of pre-existing faults, lava dam construction, landsliding and subsequent lava-dammed lake drainage. Establishing a firm stratigraphy and geochronology for the Early Pleistocene archive provides a secure framework for future exploitation of this part of the archive and sets the standard as we begin our work on the Middle-Late Pleistocene sequence. We believe this work forms a benchmark study for detailed Quaternary research in Turkey

Efeito do tipo de óleo de soja na composição em ácidos graxos da carcaça de frangos de corte Effect of different soybean oils on fatty acids composition of broiler carcass

Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de óleo de soja na composição em ácidos graxos da carcaça, foram utilizados 128 frangos (64 machos e 64 fêmeas) da linhagem Hubbard. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e os tratamentos foram constituídos de um fatorial 4 × 2 (quatro dietas e dois sexos). As quatro dietas foram formuladas da seguinte forma: A- sem adição de óleo (controle); B -com óleo de soja refinado; C- com óleo de soja degomado e D- com borra acidulada. As dietas foram isocalóricas e isonutritivas. Aos 45 dias de idade os frangos foram abatidos, eviscerados, congelados e moídos para posterior análise de extrato etéreo e composição em ácidos graxos. Os machos que receberam dietas sem adição de óleo depositaram (P<0,05) mais ácido mirístico do que as fêmeas. As aves que receberam dieta com óleo refinado depositaram (P<0,05) mais ácido esteárico na carcaça do que as submetidas às demais dietas. As carcaças das aves que receberam dietas com adição de óleo apresentaram menor teor (P<0,05) de ácido graxo palmitoléico do que as que não receberam suplementação com óleo. As carcaças das aves que receberam dietas controle e com adição de borra acidulada apresentaram maior teor de ácido oléico quando comparadas com as que receberam os óleos refinado e degomado. Os resultados demonstraram que o óleo de soja refinado e o óleo de soja degomado aumentaram o teor de ácido graxo linoléico na gordura da carcaça de frango, tornando-a mais insaturada. Os resultados foram semelhantes quanto ao sexo.<br>One hundred twenty eight Hubbard breed chicks (64 males and 64 females) were used in a completely randomized design with four replicates and eight chicks per experimental unit, to evalatue the effect of different types of soybean oil on fatty acids composition of broiler carcass. The treatments consisted of isocaloric and isonutritive diets formulated with different soybean oils as follows: treatment 1 - control group without oil addition; treatment 2 - refined soybean oil; treatment 3 -degumed soybean oil; and treatment 4 - acid soybean residue. The chickens were slaughtered, eviscerated, frozen and grounded, and a pool of four carcasses per replicate was obtained. Analyses of ether extract and fatty acid composition of carcasses fat were performed. The males fed on control diet accumulated more myristic acid on their carcasses than the females (P<0.05), while broilers fed on refined soybean oil diet deposited more stearic acid on their carcasses than those fed on the other diets (P<0.05). The carcasses of broilers fed on oil added diets had lower palmitoleic fatty acid contents than those fed on control diet. Carcasses of broilers fed on control diet and on acid residue diet showed more oleic acid than those fed on refined soybean oil diet. Broilers fed on refined soybean oil and deggumed soybean oil diets had an increase in the linoleic fatty acid content of the carcass fat

Effect of lipid sources of diets on broiler performance Efeito de fontes lipídicas sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

A completely randomized design with six replicates of 30 birds per experimental unit was used to evaluate the effect of five fat sources of diets (soybean oil, poultry fat, acidulated soybean oil soapstock and a mix of soybean oil plus poultry fat and soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock) on the performance of male Ross broilers, during the growing period (1-45 days of age). The diets for each phase were isonutritional. Broilers fed on soybean oil showed higher weight gain in comparison to the birds fed on diets containing acidulated soybean oil soapstock (P<0.05), but no differences were observed among the other treatments. The feed intake of birds fed on soybean oil was higher compared to the birds fed on acidulated soybean soapstock diet and mix of soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet. No treatment effect was observed for feed:weight gain ratio and viability. Soybean oil diet resulted in better broiler performance in comparison to acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet.<br>Avaliou-se o efeito de fontes lipídicas (óleo degomado de soja, óleo de vísceras de aves, óleo ácido de soja, mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo de vísceras e mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo ácido de soja) adicionadas às rações sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Ross. Os tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com a fonte de lipídio, e o período de criação foi de 1 a 45 dias de idade. As rações, para cada fase de criação, foram isonutritivas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições com 30 aves cada. As aves que receberam óleo de soja ganharam mais peso quando comparadas com as que receberam óleo ácido de soja (P<0,05). O consumo de ração das aves alimentadas com óleo de soja foi maior em relação ao das alimentadas com rações contendo óleo ácido de soja e mistura de óleo de soja com óleo ácido de soja. Quanto à conversão alimentar e à viabilidade, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A utilização do óleo de soja nas rações melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte quando comparado com o uso do óleo ácido de soja

Composição em ácidos graxos dos tecidos de frangos de corte alimentados com subprodutos de maracujá Composition of fatty acids in tissues of broilers fed by-products of passion fruit

A composição em ácidos graxos de tecidos de frangos de corte foi avaliada utilizando-se 200 pintos machos Cobb criados a partir dos 22 dias de idade com rações experimentais compostas de milho e farelo de soja suplementadas com 4 ou 8% de casca de maracujá e 4 ou 8% de semente de maracujá. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em modelo fatorial 2 &times; 2 com um tratamento adicional (controle, 0% de subproduto de maracujá), com quatro repetições e dez aves por unidade experimental. Foram utilizados contrastes ortogonais com dois níveis de suplementação e dois tipos de subproduto. As aves foram abatidas aos 42 dias de idade para análises da composição em ácidos graxos. A utilização de semente de maracujá reduziu o conteúdo de ácidos palmítico C16:0, esteárico C18:0 e docosahexaenóico C22:6 do peito. Na perna, os subprodutos de maracujá aumentaram o teor de ácido linoléico C18:2, linolênico C18:3 e palmítico C16:0 e reduziram o de C18:0, ácido esteárico.<br>The fatty acids composition of broiler tissue was evaluated using two hundred male Cobb chicks. They were raised from 22 days of age with experimental diets based on corn and soybean meal supplemented with 4 or 8% of passion fruit peel and 4 or 8% of passion fruit seed. A completely randomized experimental design was used with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with an additional treatment (Control, 0% of passion fruit byproducts), with four replications and ten birds per experimental unit. A orthogonal contrast with two levels of supplementation and two types of byproducts., The birds were slaughtered at 42 days of age for fatty acids composition analyses. The use of passion fruit seed reduced the content of palmitic C16:0, estearic C18:0 and docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 in the breast. In the leg, passion fruit byproducts increased the content of linoleic C18:2, linolenic C18:3 and palmitic acid C16:0 and reduced the content of estearic acid C18:0