Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of the EU DEMO Helium-Cooled Pebble Bed Breeding Blanket Using the GETTHEM Code

The general tokamak thermal-hydraulic model (GETTHEM) has been updated to the most recent version of the EU DEMO helium-cooled pebble bed breeding blanket (BB) design. The GETTHEM results are first benchmarked in a controlled case against the results of 3-D computational fluid-dynamics computations, showing an acceptable accuracy despite the inherent simplifications in the GETTHEM model. GETTHEM is then applied to the evaluation of the poloidal hot spot temperature distribution in an entire BB segment, showing that the maximum temperature in the EUROFER structures overcomes the design limit of 550 °C by more than 50 °C in some blanket modules. A possible mitigation strategy is then proposed and analyzed, based on the idea of cooling the first wall in parallel with the breeding zone, showing that this solution would allow having the EUROFER in its working temperature range in the entire segment, although at the expense of a larger pressure drop

Dynamic Accounting for End-Use CO2 Emissions From Low-Carbon Fuels in Energy System Optimization Models

Energy system optimization models are widely used worldwide to assess the effectiveness of decarbonization strategies. The correct accounting of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2, is crucial in this field. Sectorial emissions are typically computed using commodity-specific factors based on a given (static) fuel composition. For fuels generated by combining fossil and low-carbon commodities, however, the share of the low-carbon component can change throughout the model time horizon. As an alternative to static accounting, this work proposes a dynamic accounting method for the emissions avoided thanks to the contribution of hydrogen, biofuels and synfuels. The static accounting method provides an overestimation of the emission levels compared to the proposed accounting method results, which then helps boost new low-carbon technologies in the future energy mix

Numerical Assessment of Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation of a Porous Metal Heat Sink for Electronic Cooling Applications

In the present study, the thermal performance of an electronic equipment cooling system is investigated. The heat sink used in the current cooling system consists of a porous channel with a rectangular cross-section that is assumed to be connected directly to the hot surface of an electronic device. In this modeling, a fully developed flow assumption is used. The Darcy–Brinkman model was used to determine the fluid flow field. Since using the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model may provide results affected by the error in metal foams, in the present research, an attempt has first been made to examine the validity range of this model. The local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model taking into account the viscous dissipation effect was then used to determine the temperature field. To validate the numerical solution, the computed results were compared with other studies, and an acceptable agreement was observed. Analysis of the temperature field shows that if the fluid–solid-phase thermal conductivity ratio is 1 or the Biot number has a large value, the difference between the temperature of the solid phase and the fluid phase decreases. Moreover, the effect of important hydrodynamic parameters and the porous medium characteristics on the field of hydrodynamic, heat, and entropy generation was studied. Velocity field analysis shows that increasing the pore density and reducing the porosity cause an increase in the shear stress on the walls. By analyzing the entropy generation, it can be found that the irreversibility of heat transfer has a significant contribution to the total irreversibility, leading to a Bejan number close to 1. As a guideline for the design of a porous metal heat sink for electronic equipment, the use of porous media with low porosity reduces the total thermal resistance and improves heat transfer, reducing the total irreversibility and the Bejan number. Moreover, the increasing of pore density increases the specific porous surface; consequently, it reduces the total irreversibility and Bejan number and improves the heat transfer

Can We Rely on Open-Source Energy System Optimization Models? The TEMOA-Italy Case Study

Energy system models have become crucial to assess the effectiveness of possible energy policies in pursuing the declared environmental objectives. Among bottom-up models, the tools most widely used by researchers and institutions to perform scenario analyses and policy evaluations rely on commercial software and closed databases, limiting the transparency of the studies. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that open-source tools, relying on open databases, can be used as a valid alternative to commercial tools, getting equivalent results not only for simple case studies as done so far, but also for complex (national, regional, or multi-regional) reference energy systems. Working on the already available open TEMOA optimization framework, a bottom-up technology-rich model is developed here for the Italian reference energy system on an extended TEMOA version, comparable in detail and complexity to the equivalent TIMES framework. The accuracy of the novel TEMOA-Italy model in a business-as-usual scenario is assessed, showing that the average relative differences with respect to the consolidated TIMES-Italy results are in the order of few percent. The open-source model, available on Github, is now ready for the test and implementation of new optimization paradigms, which was not possible in the TIMES framework

Hybrid 1D + 2D Modelling for the Assessment of the Heat Transfer in the EU DEMO Water-Cooled Lithium-Lead Manifolds

The European demonstration fusion power reactor (EU DEMO) tokamak will be the first European fusion device to produce electricity and to include a breeding blanket (BB). In the framework of the design of the EU DEMO BB, the analysis of the heat transfer between the inlet and outlet manifold of the coolant is needed, to assess the actual cooling capability of the water entering the cooling channels, as well as the actual coolant outlet temperature from the machine. The complex, fully three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer problem is reduced here with a novel approach to a simpler one, decoupling the longitudinal and transverse scales for the heat transport by developing correlations for a conductive heat-transfer problem. While in the longitudinal direction a standard 1D model for the heat transport by fluid advection is adopted, a set of 2D finite elements analyses are run in the transverse direction, in order to lump the 2D heat conduction effects in suitable correlations. Such correlations are implemented in a 1D finite volume model with the 1D GEneral Tokamak THErmal-hydraulic Model (GETTHEM) code (Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy); the proposed approach thus reduces the 3D problem to a 1D one, allowing a parametric evaluation of the heat transfer in the entire blanket with a reduced computational cost. The deviation from nominal inlet and outlet temperature values, for the case of the Water-Cooled Lithium-Lead BB concept, is found to be always below 1.4 K and, in some cases, even to be beneficial. Consequently, the heat transfer among the manifolds at different temperatures can be safely (and conservatively) neglected

Analysis of the DC performance of the ITER CSI coil using the 4C code

The DC performance of the ITER Central Solenoid Insert (CSI) coil, a single layer solenoid wound using the same Nb3Sn conductor that will be adopted for the 3L module of ITER CS, was measured during the 2015 test campaign in different magnetic field and current operating conditions, before and after electromagnetic and thermal cycles, as well as before and after quench tests. The 4C thermal-hydraulic code is applied here to the analysis of the CSI performance: first, the free parameters of the model are calibrated; then, the model is validated against measurements not used for its calibration. The model is then used to compute the current sharing temperature, to be compared with the measured jacket temperature, and to assess the performance after quench tests

Projection of Post-Pandemic Italian Industrial Production through Vector AutoRegressive Models

Energy system models for the analysis of future scenarios are mainly driven by the set of energy service demands that define the broad outlines of socio-economic development throughout the model time horizon. Here, the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the drivers of the industrial production in six energy-intensive subsectors are addressed using Vector AutoRegressive models. The model results are computed either considering or not considering the effects of the pandemic. The comparison to established pre-pandemic trends allows for validating the robustness of the selected model. The anticipated effect of the pandemic to 2040 shows a long-term reduction by 3% to 10%, according to the different subsector, in the industrial energy service demand. When the computed service demands are used as input to the TIMES-Italy model, which shows good capability to reproduce the energy consumption of the industrial sectors in the period 2006–2020, the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption forecasts can be assessed in a business-as-usual scenario. The results show how the long-term effects of the shock caused by the pandemic could lead, by 2040, to a total industrial energy consumption 5% lower than what was foreseen before the pandemic, while the energy mix remains almost unchanged

Self-consistent modelling of a liquid metal box-type divertor with application to the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility: Li vs. Sn

In the present work a model for a liquid metal (LM) box-type divertor is presented, aimed at including the most relevant aspects of its rich physics, as well as some engineering elements. Given the upstream plasma conditions and for a fixed divertor geometry, the model self-consistently evaluates the plasma heat and particle flux on the LM surface, the thermodynamic state of the metal (liquid and vapor) in the divertor boxes and the temperature distribution in the solid walls. The model is then applied to the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility, which is currently being designed in Italy, comparing Li and Sn as possible LM choices, in terms of operating temperatures and of metal vapor flux from the divertor box system towards the main plasma chamber