The Energy Level of the Valence Electron in Cu, Viewed from Its X-Ray Spectrum (II, 1)

A method of investigation which may be appropriately called the "synthetic method" is proposed ; in this method the behaviour of the valence electron in a metal is not assumed from the starting of investigation, as usually done in the prevailing theory of metals ; but, from X-ray spectrum, the energy level or levels which are expected to be associated by the valence electron, are determined. For Cu, it was taken as that, X-ray L-satellites, Lβ\u27, λ 12.989, β\u27\u27\u27 12.911 ; α\u27\u27 13.233, α\u27\u27\u27\u27 13.176A, [E. Gwinner, Zeits. Phys. 108 (1938), 523], are due to the transitions. L_-E_1, L_-E_3 ; L_-E_2, L_-E_4, respectively, E_1～E_4 being the energy levels associated by the valence electron ; next, they were combined with K_ and K_, respectively, and obtained the distances from K ; finally the relative positions of E_1～E_4 were computed for comparison with the other phenomena which are expected as due to the behaviour of the same electron as above concerned, this comparison being done in the next paper

A Method of Accurate Determination of Absolute Values of X-Ray Levels in Copper. (II, 6)

From the analysis of the absorption spectrum of copper thin film observed by A. Smakula, the absolute value of the energy level E_2, was determined. Then, the absolute values of the others, K, L_I, L_, L_, M_I. M_, M_, M_, M_V, E_1, E_3 and E_4, were determined by combinations. Here, E_1, E_2, E_3 and E_4 are the energy levels associated with the valence electrons

Study on the Transformation of Zinc by Electric Resistance in Connection with Eutectic Phenomena

Accurate measurements of the electric resistance of zinc were made by the potentiometer method in the range of temperature from room temperature up to 350℃. The anomalous changes were observed at the temperatures, 170, 200, 230 and 320℃. The first two temperatures were explained respectively to be the eutectic temperatures of the solders, Pt-Sn-Zn and Sn-Zn systems, used to solder the potential lead and the specimen ; 230℃ to be the temperature of second separation in the former solder ; 320℃ to be the eutectic temperature of the alloy, Pd-Zn system formed in the specimen. From a conception explaining the eutectic phenomenon, 170°, 200°and 320℃ were considered to be anomalies of zinc itself

The Anomalous Temperatures of Cu and Their Physical Significance. (II, 3)

The experimental evidences concerning anomalous changes of various properties of Cu, with temperature, were studied in literature, and it was found that four anomalous temperatures, including the melting point, exist, the values being 503°, 553°, 823° and 1356°K (mp), and that in these temperatures and the absolute zero, there exists a regurality as shown in the following table where the numbers in parentheses show the ratios of the intervals between the adjacent temperatures in each group. This regurality was understood by the writer to be identical ; in nature, with Lande\u27s interval rule in atomic spectra in the case of odd multiplicity, and, accordingly, it was inferred that the temperatures in each of the groups, II and I, would correspond to the components of the fine structures of the energy levels, E_1 and E_2 respectively. These levels, as well as E_3 and E_4 had been determined from experimental data, as those associated with the valence electron, their energy positions being in the order of E_1, E_2, E_3 and E_4. Further, it was considered that each of E_1 and E_2 is associated with two electrons and two atoms, hence, they may be denoted as, E_1 : (A_1, B_1) ^3D1, 2, 3 E_2 : (A_2, B_2) ^3D3, 2, 1 where A_1, B_1 and A_1, B_2 denote two pairs of atoms which associate respectively with the levels, E_1 and E_2, forming the diatomic molecules, (A_1, B_1) and (A_2, B_2). Concerning E_3 and E_4, it was assumed that, as in the case of Zn, there exist two groups of anomalies in low temperature range, which show the multiple structures of E_3 and E_4, respectively. Further it was assumed that the electrons associating with E_3 and E_4 are identical with those which associate to E_l and E_2, respectively, and they oscillate between E_1 and E_3, E_2 and E_4, respectively. Furthermore, that these oscillations take place, in resonance, in the group of the above molecules of the same kind, and, accordingly the molecules in the above group are bound mutually by the energy of the resonance exchange. On the other hand, it was proved previously that, when the electron is in E_3 or E_4, it plays the role of electric conduction, but, in E_1 or E_2, it binds the atoms firmly, and so, with the above idea the important properties of metals were explained consistently

Electronic Origins of the Transformations and the Analogous Phenomana in Iron and the Nature of Its Spontaneous Magnetism

From the results of the investigations on zinc and copper and on the regularities existing in the anomalous temperatures of iron, it was inferred that the "structure levels", E_1 and E_2, of the valence electron in this metal might be denoted by (A_1, B_1)^7G_ and (A_2, B_2)^5D_, respectively. Of these notations, (A_1, B_1) and (A_2, B_2) respectively represent two pairs of atoms forming diatomic molecules, and suffix numbers, being the values of J, were written in order of the energy positions. Further, assuming that iron crystal is built up of equal numbers of the above molecules, the electronic origins of the transformations of A_3, A_4 and the melting, and the phenomena allied to them were explained by attributing them to the transitions between two adjacent components of the above multiplets. The spontaneous magnetism of iron crystal was explained to be due to the term (3d)^6 ^5D_4 of the atoms in the molecule (A_2, B_2)