Estudio filogenético de los géneros de Trichopterygini de Sudamérica Austral (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): una nueva clasifi cación

Phylogenetic study of the genera of South American Austral Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae): a new classifi cation. In this work, we evaluate the taxonomy of the Trichopterygini in Chile based on a phylogenetic analysis of the morphological attributes. In our analysis, we used Tatosoma and Sauris as outgroups. Two approaches were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships: 1) parsimony criterion, and 2) Bayesian inference. Parsimony analysis was conducted in PAUP software, and Bayesian analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo using the BayesPhylogenies software. Our results based on the phylogenetic hypothesis suggest a new taxonomic order for Trichopterygini of the Andean Region of Southern South America. The valid genera are: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Warrenaria Parra. The main changes with respect to the previous taxonomic order are: 1) the genus Lagynopteryx Berg is subordinated under the Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren is a junior synonym of Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta is transferred to the genus Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana is a junior synonym of L. moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa is newly combined with the genus Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis is a junior synonym of D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophoraimbricaria is newly combined with the genus Danielaparra; 8) Triptiloides fasciata is a junior synonym of T. randallae; and 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. is described. Andean Region species are more closely related to the genus Tatosoma from New Zealand, the synapomorphies that demonstrate this are: swollen metaepimeron and hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment. A checklist of the genera and species of the tribe in the region, and the fi gures of adults and genitalia of some species are included.En este trabajo se evalúa la taxonomía de los Trichopterygini de Chile a partir de un análisis fi logenético de los atributos morfológicos. En nuestro análisis, hemos utilizado Tatosoma y Sauris como grupos externos. Se utilizaron dos enfoques para evaluar las relaciones fi logenéticas: 1) criterio de parsimonia, y 2) inferencia bayesiana. El análisis de parsimonia se realizó a través del programa PAUP y el análisis bayesiano con cadenas de Markov y Monte Carlo a través del programa BayesPhylogenies. Nuestros resultados basados en la hipótesis fi logenética sugieren un nuevo orden taxonómico para Trichopterygini de la Región Andina del Sur de Sudamérica. Los géneros válidos son: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra & Santos-Salas, Tomopteryx Philippi,Triptila Warren y Warrenaria Parra. Los principales cambios con respecto al orden taxonómico anterior son: 1) el género Lagynopteryx Berg se incorpora a Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren es el sinónimo junior de Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta se incorpora al género Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana es el sinónimo junior de L. Moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa es incorporada al género Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis es el sinónimo junior de D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophora imbricaria es incorporada al género Danielaparra; Triptiloides fasciata es el sinónimo junior de T. randallae; y 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. es descrita. Las especies de la Región Andina están más cerca del Tatosoma de Nueva Zelanda, las sinapomorfi as que demuestran esto son: el metaepimeron hinchado y la hipertrofia del segundo segmento abdominal. Se incluye un catálogo de los géneros y especies de la tribu en la región, y fotografías de adultos y armaduras genitales de algunas especies

Functional foods enriched in Aloe vera. Effects of vacuum impregnation and temperature on the respiration rate and the respiratory quotient of some vegetables

[EN] This work is part of a study on the process of production of vegetables enriched in Aloe vera using the vacuum impregnation (VI) technique. The objectives of this work were: (i) to analyze the effects of VI with Aloe vera on some quality parameters of vegetables: water activity, water content, soluble solids content, real and apparent densities, and pH; (ii) to analyze the effects of the presence of Aloe vera in VI solutions and temperature on the respiration rates (carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption) and the respiration quotient of some vegetables (endive, cauliflower, broccoli and carrots). VI made it possible to incorporate up to 7 g of Aloe vera in 100 g (dry matter) of broccoli, about 4 g in cauliflower and endive, and about 3 g in carrot. In almost all cases, respiration rate values were higher at 20ºC than at 5ºC. For vegetables submitted to VI using an isotonic sucrose solution, and in comparison with fresh samples, respiration rates at 5ºC were higher for broccoli, endive and carrot, but lower for cauliflower. At 20ºC, they were higher in the case of broccoli, endive and cauliflower, but lower for carrots. As compared with fresh samples, and at 5ºC, respiration rates were lower for all vegetables impregnated using a solution with 30 g/L of Aloe vera powder; at 20ºC, they were lower for cauliflower, but higher for broccoli, endive and carrots. The presence of Aloe vera in sufficient concentration seemed to compensate the metabolic stress caused by the application of vacuum.Sanzana Ramos, SX.; Gras Romero, ML.; Vidal Brotons, DJ. (2011). Functional foods enriched in Aloe vera. Effects of vacuum impregnation and temperature on the respiration rate and the respiratory quotient of some vegetables. Procedia Food Science. 1:1528-1533. doi:10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.226S15281533

Two Distinct Faces of Vitamin C: AA vs. DHA

Historically, vitamin C has been associated with many regulatory processes that involve specific signaling pathways. Among the most studied signaling pathways are those involved in the regulation of aging, differentiation, neurotransmission, proliferation, and cell death processes in cancer. This wide variety of regulatory effects is due to the fact that vitamin C has a dual mechanism of action. On the one hand, it regulates the expression of genes associated with proliferation (Ccnf and Ccnb1), differentiation (Sox-2 and Oct-4), and cell death (RIPK1 and Bcl-2). At the same time, vitamin C can act as a regulator of kinases, such as MAPK and p38, or by controlling the activation of the NF-kB pathway, generating chronic responses related to changes in gene expression or acute responses associated with the regulation of signal transduction processes. To date, data from the literature show a permanent increase in processes regulated by vitamin C. In this review, we critically examine how vitamin C regulates these different cellular programs in normal and tumor cells

Number of floral structures classified by origin.

<p>* The flowers of two taxonomically related species were included as outgroups: <i>Sophora cassioides</i> and <i>Sophora macrocarpa</i>.</p><p>Number of floral structures classified by origin.</p

Homologous landmark map of the floral elements.

<p>a) wing 13 landmarks, b) standard 11 landmarks c) keel 13 landmarks.</p

UPGMA of the procrustes distances between the average shapes of the different lines: a) wing, b) standard and c) keel.

<p>UPGMA of the procrustes distances between the average shapes of the different lines: a) wing, b) standard and c) keel.</p

Canonical variate analysis of the standard comparing the different <i>Sophora toromiro</i> lines and the two out-groups, Goteborg (Got), INFOR, Jardin Botanico Viña (JBV), Titze (Tit), <i>Sophora macrocarpa</i> (Sma), <i>Sophora cassioides</i> (Sca).

<p>The wireframe represents the average shape of each one of the analyzed lines.</p