Effects of dietary chromium-yeast level on growth performance, blood metabolites, meat traits and muscle fatty acids profile, and microminerals content in liver and bone of lambs

To assess the effect of dietary supplement levels of chromium-yeast (Cr-yeast) on growth performance, blood glucose and triglycerides, fatty acid (FA) profile in intramuscular fat, carcase and meat traits, iron, copper, chromium and zinc concentrations in liver and bone, 24 Rambouillet male lambs (29.2 ± 0.17 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to four diets with 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6mg Cr/kg DM. The growth performance trial lasted 49 d. Supplemental Cryeast did not affect growth performance and carcase characteristics (p>.05), but reduced (p<.05) perirenal and intramuscular fat, as well as 3 h post-feeding blood glucose and triglycerides concentration. In liver, Fe and Cu concentration decreased (p<.05), while Cr concentrations in liver increased with increasing Cr-yeast dietary levels. In bone, Fe decreased (p<.05) as Cryeast dietary levels increasing, and Cr-yeast supplementation increased Cr concentrations (p<.05). As Cr-yeast dietary level increased, palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) SFA decreased linearly (p<.05), while palmitoleic (C16:1n-7), vaccenic (C18:1n-7), linoleic (C18:2n-6) and arachidic (C20:4) unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) increased linearly (p<.01). In conclusion, Cr-yeast did not affect growth performance and carcase quality, but decreased the perirenal and intramuscular fat, blood glucose and triglyceride content, and Fe and Cu concentrations in liver as increased Cr-yeast levels in the diet. Because supplemental Cr-yeast improved index of atherogenicity and unsaturated to saturated FA ratio in muscle of lambs, it could be of human nutritional interest

Effects of organic chromium supplementation to finishing lambs diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate supplemental organic chromium (Cr) to finishing lambs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Eighteen Suffolk lambs (age (4.5±0.2) mon; (25.8±3.6) kg body weight (BW)) were randomly assigned to three levels of supplemental organic Cr (0.0, 0.2 and 0.4 mg kg–1 dry matter (DM)) in a complete random design. Growth performance was evaluated for 70 d, and then lambs were slaughtered to study carcass characteristics and chemical composition of meat. Orthogonal contrasts were performed (contrast one-average level 0.2 ppm Cr vs. average level 0.4 ppm Cr; contrast two-level 0 vs. average levels (0.2+0.4) ppm Cr). Orthogonal polynomials were used to estimate the linear and quadratic effects of Cr concentrations. Growth and carcass performance were not affected by supplemental organic Cr. Muscle conformation and leg perimeter linearly increased (P<0.05) as organic Cr level increased in the diet. Kidney fat decreased linearly (P<0.05) as supplemental Cr increased. In Longissimus dorsi (LD), the ash content decreased linearly, and shear force (kg cm–2) increased (P<0.05) as organic Cr level increased in the diet. It is concluded that organic Cr did not affect growth performance, but it improved positively the muscle conformation, reduced kidney fat, whereas in LD there was an increment in shear force in finishing carcass lambs

Ileal apparent and standardized amino acid digestibility of soybean and colza meal in diets for finishing pigs

Agri-food chains generate by-products such as soybean and colza meal for animal feed. Their nutritional value is variable and should be analysed for better quality control before their inclusion in balanced diets. The objective was to determine the content and ileal apparent and standardized digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) of soybean (PS) and colza meal (PC) as a source of protein in diets for finishing pigs. The experimental units were arranged in a 3×3 Latin square design repeated. The treatments (T) were T1: PS+corn starch, T2: PC+corn starch, and T3: corn starch (Control), which were randomly assigned to six pigs cannulated in distal ileum (PV 75±1.2 kg). The variables were contents and apparent ileal and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean and colza meal. To determine digestibility, chromic oxide was added to the diets. The protein and fat contents were higher in the soybean meal. Ash, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, phosphorus and calcium contents were higher in the colza meal. Essential amino acid content was higher in soybean meal, but methionine was higher in colza meal. Apparent ileal digestibility (DIA) of total amino acids was similar (p > 0.05) among protein ingredients; but for lysine and threonine it was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in soybean meal, except methionine. Methionine DIA was 89.78 %, 3.88 % higher (p ≤ 0.05) in colza meal. Standardized ileal digestibility (DIE) of total amino acids was similar (p > 0.05) among ingredients, but lysine and threonine were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in soybean meal. DIE was different (p ≤ 0.05) among ingredients for all amino acids except methionine. Ileal and standardized digestibility of all amino acids were higher in soybean meal, except methionine, which was higher in colza meal. The DIA of total amino acids was similar in both protein ingredients, except lysine and threonine in soybean meal and methionine in colza meal

Serum mineral profile of lactating Holstein cows in mixed indoor-grazing systems

Introducción. Los minerales juegan un papel muy importante en la nutrición, porque son necesarios para la biosíntesis de nutrientes esenciales. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado mineral en suero sanguíneo, el consumo de minerales y la producción de leche de vacas Holstein en pastoreo suplementadas con distintos niveles de alimento concentrado y tiempo de permanencia en la pradera en el valle de Toluca, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron dos experimentos con un diseño de cuadro Latino 3x3 cada uno en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, realizados en primavera-verano de 2011-2012. En el experimento uno se evaluó el nivel de concentrado en la dieta (3, 5 y 8 kg día-1) en vacas pastoreando; en el experimento dos se evaluaron tres tiempos de permanencia en la pradera (ocho horas continuas; dos tiempos de cuatro horas post-ordeño; y doce horas). En ambos experimentos se ofertó ensilado de maíz a libre consumo en el corral. En suero sanguíneo y alimentos se les midió la concentración de Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe y Zn. Se realizaron análisis de correlación simple y de regresión múltiple para las variables de estudio. Resultados. El nivel de concentrado y el tiempo de permanencia en la pradera afectaron (p<0,05) el consumo de la mayoría de los minerales; no se cubrieron los requerimientos de Ca, P, Mg, K y Zn, y hubo exceso de Fe. Independientemente de la estrategia de alimentación, el contenido de minerales en suero sanguíneo de los bovinos fue adecuado para P, Na, Cu y Fe; marginal de Ca, deficiente en Mg y Zn; y hubo exceso de K. Conclusiones. El consumo de minerales no fue determinante para predecir la concentración de minerales en suero sanguíneo de vacas lecheras, sin embargo, mostró influencia sobre la producción de leche de vacas bajo dos sistemas de producción mixta pastoreo-estabulación

In Vitro Assessment of Fecal Inocula From Horses Fed on High-Fiber Diets With Fibrolytic Enzymes Addition on Gas, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide Productions as Indicators of Hindgut Activity

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fecal inocula from horses fed on concentrate (restricted amount daily) and oat straw (ad libitum) supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro hindgut activity. Cellulase (CE), xylanase (XY), and CE þ XY (1:1 vol/vol; CX) were tested at three levels (mL/g dry matter [DM]): 0, 1, and 3, in addition to control without enzyme addition. Fecal inocula were collected from 16 Quarter Horse mares supplemented with enzyme at 0 (without enzyme), or fed 5-mL enzyme/mare/d of CE (FCE), XY (FXY), or CE þ XY (1:1 vol/vol; FCX) for 15 days. The fecal content mixed with the culture media were used for incubation in bottles containing 1-g DM of substrate (a mixture of concentrate and oat straw [1:1 DM]). Gas (GP), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide productions were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 48 hours after incubation. Interactions occurred (P < .05) between fecal source enzyme product for the asymptotic GP, the rate of GP, CH4 production, and fermentation kinetic parameters. Moreover, interactions were observed (P < .05) between fecal source enzyme product enzyme dose for the rate of GP, CH4 production, and DM digestibility. Xylanase at 3-mL/g DM with FXY fecal increased (P < .05) the asymptotic GP, short-chain fatty acids, and microbial protein productions with lowering (P < .05) partitioning factor. At 24 and 48 hours and without enzyme, FCX and FXY, had the highest (P < .05) CH4 production. It can be concluded that XY enzyme at 3-mL/g DM was the most effective compared with other treatments

Mineral status and interrelationship in soil, forage, and blood serum of horses in the rainy and dry seasons

The feeding and nutrition of livestock becomes less of an empirical endeavor when the information necessary to scientifically balance diets is available [1]. Equine performance is influenced by genetic, nutritional, health, and management factors. Thus, optimal nutrition is essential for a foal to achieve maximal performance. Likewise, nutrition is fundamental for husbandry purposes as several reproductive problems due to nutritional deficiencies have been identified [2].The objective was to evaluate the content of P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and Mn in soil, forage, and serum of horses in several production units (PU) during rainy and dry seasons and predict their concentration in serum from their content in soil and forage. Soil and pastures were sampled in the dry (November–December) and in rainy seasons (June–July), and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 76 horses in both seasons at four PU. The experimental design was a completely random design within a 4 2 (PU season) factorial arrangement of treatments. Concentration of minerals in soil differed (P < .05) among PU, and contents of P, Ca, Mg, and K were low; Zn and Fe were high; and Cu and Mn were adequate. Mineral concentrations in forage differed among PU and season, and among PU within season (interaction P <.05). Contents of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, and Cu were low; Fe was high; and P, K, Se, and Mn adequate. The mineral concentration in equine blood serum differed (P <.05) among PU and season. Overall, there were deficiencies of P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, and Se, but adequate amounts of K, Zn, and Fe. There are imbalances of minerals in soil and forages which effected their concentration inequine blood

Manual de balanceo de dietas por computadora: serie porcinos

Los ingredientes alimenticios utilizados en la producción animal, además de ser las materias primas básicas, representan el rubro más importante de los costos de las empresas porcinas. El manejo eficiente de los alimentos es una de las tareas principales que deben enfrentar el porcicultor, técnico, nutriólogo, etc., para alcanzar niveles óptimos de rendimiento y eficiencia en la unidad de producción a su cargo. La fisiología digestiva de los cerdos y las aves tiene características particulares que la difieren de los rumiantes, por ello la gama de alimentos que comúnmente se puede suministrar a éstos es menor. Además, el ser humano ha ejercido una enorme presión de selección, a partir de sus parámetros económicos, que ha provocado que los requerimientos nutritivos de estos animales sean ahora más altos. Así, para expresar su potencial genético avanzado o supremo, estas especies requieren consumir alimentos de buena calidad nutritiva (granos, harinas, pastas, premezclas), los cuales tienen, por lo general, un precio elevado

Efecto de las variables antimorten en la calidad fisicoquímica de la carne de cerdos de rastros municipales del altiplano central de México

El presente capítulo de libro, comenta las experiencias de la calidad de carne exhibida dentro de la zona del altiplano central de la República Mexicana.Para determinar el efecto de las variables ante mortem en la calidad fisicoquímica de la carne de cerdo de los rastros municipales se obtuvieron muestras del músculo longissimus dorsi de 120 canales; se midió el pH y la temperatura a 45 min y 24 horas post morten, colores objetivo y subjetivo, marmoleo, pérdida de agua, humedad, proteína, grasa y fuerza de corte