Palha de cana-de-açúcar associada ao herbicida trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn no controle de Rottboellia exaltata Sugarcane straw combined with trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn for Rottboellia exaltata control

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da palha da cana-de-açúcar e a associação entre ela e a mistura comercial de trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn no controle de Rottboellia exaltata L. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Apoio à Pesquisa da UENF, no período de setembro a novembro de 2004. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial: cinco camadas de palha (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16 t ha-1) e cinco doses de trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn (0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 kg ha-1), em quatro repetições. Aplicaram-se os herbicidas em pós-emergência, quando as plântulas de R. exaltata estavam com altura entre 5 e 10 cm. Avaliou-se o número de plântulas aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Determinou-se o ponto que corresponde à concentração do herbicida que inibe 50% da planta daninha (I50). Aos 60 dias, a parte aérea das plantas de R. exaltata foi coletada e transferida para estufa para avaliação da biomassa seca. A interação quantidade de palha e doses de trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn foi significativa. Observou-se que camadas de palha com 16 t ha-1 (sem aplicação de herbicida) e 2,5 kg ha-1 de trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn (isolado) foram eficientes no controle de R. exaltata. Níveis de palha entre 8 e 12 t ha-1 interceptaram o herbicida, o que elevou o valor de I50, ou seja, a concentração do herbicida para inibir 50% do crescimento da planta foi maior do que quando se utilizou 4 t de palha.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the sugarcane straw potential and the association between the straw and the commercial mix of the trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn to control itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata L.). The experiment was developed in the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from September to November 2004. It was carried out in randomized blocks, with the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme: five layers of straw (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16 t ha-1) and five doses of trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn (0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 kg ha-1), with four replications. The herbicide was applied in post-emergence, when weeds (R. exaltata) height was between 5 and 10 cm. Number of weeds was evaluated at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after herbicide application. The herbicide concentration that inhibits 50% of the weed emergency (I50) was determined. In the sixty day, the itchgrass plants were collected and dry biomass was determined. The interaction between straw quantity and doses of trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn was significant. Straw layer of 16 tha-1 without herbicide addition was efficient to control R. exaltata and the herbicide trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn at 2,5 kg ha-1 used alone was efficient to control this weed. Straw levels between 8 and 12 t ha-1 intercepted the herbicide and consequently, increased the I50 value. In other words, the concentration of the herbicide to inhibit 50% of the weeds growth was greater when there were 8 and 12 t ha-1 than when there was 4 t ha-1 of straw

Genome-wide association identifies nine common variants associated with fasting proinsulin levels and provides new insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE - Proinsulin is a precursor of mature insulin and C-peptide. Higher circulating proinsulin levels are associated with impaired b-cell function, raised glucose levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies of the insulin processing pathway could provide new insights about T2D pathophysiology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We have conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association tests of ;2.5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and fasting proinsulin levels in 10,701 nondiabetic adults of European ancestry, with follow-up of 23 loci in up to 16,378 individuals, using additive genetic models adjusted for age, sex, fasting insulin, and study-specific covariates. RESULTS - Nine SNPs at eight loci were associated with proinsulin levels (P < 5 × 10-8). Two loci (LARP6 and SGSM2) have not been previously related to metabolic traits, one (MADD) has been associated with fasting glucose, one (PCSK1) has been implicated in obesity, and four (TCF7L2, SLC30A8, VPS13C/ C2CD4A/B, and ARAP1, formerly CENTD2) increase T2D risk. The proinsulin-raising allele of ARAP1 was associated with a lower fasting glucose (P = 1.7 3 10-4), improved b-cell function (P = 1.1 × 10-5), and lower risk of T2D (odds ratio 0.88; P = 7.8 × 10-6). Notably, PCSK1 encodes the protein prohormone convertase 1/3, the first enzyme in the insulin processing pathway. A genotype score composed of the nine proinsulin-raising alleles was not associated with coronary disease in two large case-control datasets. CONCLUSIONS - We have identified nine genetic variants associated with fasting proinsulin. Our findings illuminate the biology underlying glucose homeostasis and T2D development in humans and argue against a direct role of proinsulin in coronary artery disease pathogenesis

Safety and efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after elective colorectal surgery, and is associated with increased adverse events and prolonged hospital stay. The aim was to assess the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for reducing ileus after surgery. Methods: A prospective multicentre cohort study was delivered by an international, student- and trainee-led collaborative group. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The primary outcome was time to gastrointestinal recovery, measured using a composite measure of bowel function and tolerance to oral intake. The impact of NSAIDs was explored using Cox regression analyses, including the results of a centre-specific survey of compliance to enhanced recovery principles. Secondary safety outcomes included anastomotic leak rate and acute kidney injury. Results: A total of 4164 patients were included, with a median age of 68 (i.q.r. 57\u201375) years (54\ub79 per cent men). Some 1153 (27\ub77 per cent) received NSAIDs on postoperative days 1\u20133, of whom 1061 (92\ub70 per cent) received non-selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. After adjustment for baseline differences, the mean time to gastrointestinal recovery did not differ significantly between patients who received NSAIDs and those who did not (4\ub76 versus 4\ub78 days; hazard ratio 1\ub704, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub796 to 1\ub712; P = 0\ub7360). There were no significant differences in anastomotic leak rate (5\ub74 versus 4\ub76 per cent; P = 0\ub7349) or acute kidney injury (14\ub73 versus 13\ub78 per cent; P = 0\ub7666) between the groups. Significantly fewer patients receiving NSAIDs required strong opioid analgesia (35\ub73 versus 56\ub77 per cent; P &lt; 0\ub7001). Conclusion: NSAIDs did not reduce the time for gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery, but they were safe and associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement