As dificuldades enfrentadas na docência com educandos com deficiência, transtornos globais do desenvolvimento e altas habilidades ou superdotação (DTGD AHS): relato de experiência no colégio ACM em Santa Inês/BA

Abstract It is a report of the experience lived by an educational caregiver, as a mediator, of the inclusion of students with disabilities, global developmental disorders and high ability or giftedness (DTGDAHS) in regular high school classes, in a state college in the city of. Santa Ines-BA. The experience narrated covers the period from April 2018 to August 2018. A field diary was used as a methodological strategy, which has the function of describing the difficulties encountered by teachers in including regular students in the teaching process. -learning and advances from inclusive public policies. Experience shows that the process of educational inclusion has been done gradually, the school is adapting physically and pedagogically, however, there is a large deficit in teacher education, due to lack of continuing education, and, on the other hand, lack of care. specialized education to the student that makes it impossible to achieve a quality teaching.  Keywords: Experience Report, Inclusive Education, Teacher Education.Trata-se de um relato de experiência vivido por um cuidador educacional, como mediador da inclusão de educandos com deficiência, transtornos globais do desenvolvimento e altas habilidades ou superdotação (DTGDAHS) em turmas regulares de ensino médio, em um colégio Estadual na cidade de Santa Inês-BA. A experiência narrada compreende o período de abril de 2018 a agosto de 2018. Utilizou-se um diário de campo como estratégia metodológica, o qual tem como função descrever as dificuldades encontradas na inclusão dos educandos/alunos em turmas regulares pelos professores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem e os avanços originários das políticas públicas inclusivas. A experiência mostra que o processo de inclusão educacional vem sendo feito de forma gradativa, a escola vai se adequando fisicamente e pedagogicamente, porém, há um grande deficit na formação docente por falta de formação continuada, e, de outro lado, falta de atendimento educacional especializado ao discente que o impossibilita alcançar um ensino de qualidade.  

Melatoninergic System in Parkinson’s Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms

Melatonin is synthesized by several tissues besides the pineal gland, and beyond its regulatory effects in light-dark cycle, melatonin is a hormone with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Melatonin acts as a free-radical scavenger, reducing reactive species and improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Melatonin also regulates the expression of neurotrophins that are involved in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and reduces α-synuclein aggregation, thus protecting the dopaminergic system against damage. The unbalance of pineal melatonin synthesis can predispose the organism to inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the potential role of the melatoninergic system in the pathogenesis and treatment of PD. The literature reviewed here indicates that PD is associated with impaired brain expression of melatonin and its receptors MT1 and MT2. Exogenous melatonin treatment presented an outstanding neuroprotective effect in animal models of PD induced by different toxins, such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb. Despite the neuroprotective effects and the improvement of motor impairments, melatonin also presents the potential to improve nonmotor symptoms commonly experienced by PD patients such as sleep and anxiety disorders, depression, and memory dysfunction

Performance and metabolite profile of dairy cows fed tropical grasses and concentrates containing crude protein with low or high degradability

Ten Holstein-Zebu crossbred cows distributed into two simultaneous Latin squares (5 × 5) as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement formed by chopped sugarcane or elephant grass silage, both with high or low protein degradability supplements and a corn silage as a control treatment, were compared using orthogonal contrasts. The studied variables were the performance, plasma concentrations of urea-N, glucose, and creatinine, urine-N and milk urea-N, and the nychthemeral variation in NH3-N in the rumen fluid of dairy cows. Nutrient intake, milk production, and milk composition were affected by the treatments. The total mixed ration containing elephant grass silage combined with rumen undegradable protein (RUP) provided balanced amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the rumen. This effect may explain the 18% increase in milk yield compared with the other treatments. The diurnal pattern of ruminal NH3-N was interpreted with a sinusoid model. In general, cows fed elephant grass silage exhibited higher concentrations of blood plasma and milk urea-N than animals fed sugarcane. The cows that consumed elephant grass silage with rumen degradable protein concentrate showed a higher milk urea-N compared with animals that consumed elephant grass silage with the RUP concentrate. The use of diets based on corn silage leads to a better use of nitrogen compounds because these diets resulted in lower levels of urea-N in the plasma, urine, and milk at the same level of milk production compared with diets containing elephant grass silage or chopped sugarcane as roughages. In sugarcane-based diets, even greater nitrogen losses in the urine are observed, despite the presence of readily fermentable carbohydrates in the diet

Performance and metabolite profile of dairy cows fed tropical grasses and concentrates containing crude protein with low or high degradability

ABSTRACT Ten Holstein-Zebu crossbred cows distributed into two simultaneous Latin squares (5 × 5) as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement formed by chopped sugarcane or elephant grass silage, both with high or low protein degradability supplements and a corn silage as a control treatment, were compared using orthogonal contrasts. The studied variables were the performance, plasma concentrations of urea-N, glucose, and creatinine, urine-N and milk urea-N, and the nychthemeral variation in NH3-N in the rumen fluid of dairy cows. Nutrient intake, milk production, and milk composition were affected by the treatments. The total mixed ration containing elephant grass silage combined with rumen undegradable protein (RUP) provided balanced amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the rumen. This effect may explain the 18% increase in milk yield compared with the other treatments. The diurnal pattern of ruminal NH3-N was interpreted with a sinusoid model. In general, cows fed elephant grass silage exhibited higher concentrations of blood plasma and milk urea-N than animals fed sugarcane. The cows that consumed elephant grass silage with rumen degradable protein concentrate showed a higher milk urea-N compared with animals that consumed elephant grass silage with the RUP concentrate. The use of diets based on corn silage leads to a better use of nitrogen compounds because these diets resulted in lower levels of urea-N in the plasma, urine, and milk at the same level of milk production compared with diets containing elephant grass silage or chopped sugarcane as roughages. In sugarcane-based diets, even greater nitrogen losses in the urine are observed, despite the presence of readily fermentable carbohydrates in the diet

Avaliação da divergência nutricional de variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) Evaluation of the nutritional divergence of the sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a divergência nutricional de variedades de cana-de-açúcar, utilizando a análise de componentes principais, visando identificar três variedades representativas dessa divergência. As variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) avaliadas neste estudo foram: RB855113, RB765418, RB855536, SP79-2233, RB845257, SP80-180, RB855453, RB855336, SP80-1842, SP81-1763, SP80-4445, SP79-1011, RB739359, RB867515 e SP80-3280, colhidas aos 426, 487 e 549 dias após o plantio. As variáveis discriminatórias utilizadas foram fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), hemicelulose, lignina, fração indegradável da FDN e taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN. Houve diferenças para todas as variáveis estudadas, exceto para a fração indegradável da FDN. A avaliação da divergência nutricional das variedades de cana-de-açúcar baseou-se nos três primeiros componentes principais, explicando 87,8% da variação total. A FDN e a fração indegradável da FDN foram as variáveis de menor importância para explicar a variabilidade nutricional das variedades. A variedade SP80-1842, colhida aos 426 dias após o plantio, e a variedade SP79-1011, colhida aos 549 dias, foram as que apresentaram maior dispersão dos escores nos três primeiros componentes principais, sendo consideradas as mais dissimilares, enquanto a variedade RB845257, colhida aos 487 dias após o plantio, localizou-se em posição intermediária entre ambas. A análise de componentes principais foi também eficiente em selecionar as variedades com diferentes épocas de colheita.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional divergence of the sugarcane varieties, using the principal components analysis, to select three representative varieties of that divergence. The sugarcane varieties (Saccharum spp.) evaluated in this study were: RB855113, RB765418, RB855536, SP79-2233, RB845257, SP80-180, RB855453, RB855336, SP80-1842, SP81-1763, SP80-4445, SP79-1011, RB739359, RB867515 and SP80-3280, harvested at 426, 487 and 549 days post planting. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, lignin, undegradable NDF fraction and degradation rate of the potentially degradable NDF fraction were the evaluated discriminatory variables. Differences were observed for all the studied variables, except for the undegradable NDF fraction. The evaluation of the nutritional divergence of the sugarcane varieties based on the first three principal components, that explained 87.8% of the total variation. The NDF and the undegradable NDF fraction were the variables of smaller importance to explain the nutritional variability of the varieties. The SP80-1842 variety, harvested at 426 days post planting, and SP79-1011 variety, harvested at 549 days, were the ones that showed greater score dispersions for the first three principal components, being considered the most dissimilar, while the RB845257 variety, harvested at 487 days post planting, was located in the intermediary position between both. The principal components analysis was also efficient in selecting varieties with different harvesting times

Composição químico-bromatológica de variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp L.) com diferentes ciclos de produção (precoce e intermediário) em três idades de corte Chemical composition of sugar cane varieties (Saccharum spp L.) with different cycles of production in three cut time

Foram objetivos deste trabalho determinar a composição químico- bromatológica, as frações potencialmente degradável (B2) e indegradável (C) da FDN dos carboidratos totais e estimar a repleção ruminal da cana-de-açúcar com diferentes ciclos de produção (precoce e intermediário), em três idades de corte (426, 487 e 549 dias). As análises laboratoriais consistiram na determinação da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica, matéria mineral, proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo, lignina, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), FDN corrigida para cinzas e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro, proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido e proteína solúvel em detergente neutro. Os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) foram calculados por intermédio da composição química. As frações B2, C e a taxa de digestão da fibra, bem como a repleção ruminal, foram estimadas através de parâmetros cinéticos obtidos a partir da incubação in situ. O avanço da idade de corte propiciou aumento nos teores de MS em 9,5%. As variedades intermediárias apresentaram NDT superiores às precoces, as quais destacaram-se pelos mais elevados teores de FDN e FDA, cujos respectivos valores foram 487,56 e 471,03, e 287,87 e 247,54 g/kg MS para as variedades precoces e intermediárias, respectivamente. O NDT aumentou linearmente com a idade de corte, variando de 62,45 a 63,50%; contudo, os teores de FDN e FDA apresentaram comportamento quadrático. As variedades precoces apresentaram maior teor de PB que as intermediárias somente na idade ao corte de 549 dias, contrariamente, o teor de brix foi superior para as variedades intermediárias no último corte. As variedades precoces apresentaram maior repleção ruminal total e menor taxa de digestão da fibra. A fração B2 da fibra, foi reduzida e a C foi linearmente aumentada com a idade das plantas.<br>The objectives of this work were to determine the chemical composition, the potentialy degradable fraction of NDF (B2) and undegradable fraction (C) and to estimate the ruminal fill of sugar cane with different cycles of production (early and intermediate), in three cut times (426, 487 and 549 days). The laboratorial analysis consisted in dry matter (DM), organic matter, ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract, lignin, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent insoluble protein, acid detergent insoluble protein and neutral detergent protein soluble. The TDN was calculated by chemical composition. The degradable and undegradable fractions, and fiber digestion rate, as well as the ruminal fill were estimated by kinetic parameters obtained throught in situ incubation. The advanced cut time increased the DM in 9.5%. The intermediate varieties presented higher TDN than early varieties, which had the highest contents of NDF and ADF, whose respective values were 487.56 and 471.03, and 287.87 and 247,54 g/kg DM for the early and intermediate varieties, respectively. The TDN increased linearly with the cut time, varying from 62.45 to 63.50%; however the NDF and ADF contents presented quadratic behavior. The early varieties presented higher content of CP than the intermediate only in the cut time of 549 days; contrarily, the brix of the sugar cane was superior to the intermediate varieties in the last cut. The early varieties presented larger total ruminal fill and lower fiber digestion rate. The degradable fraction of the fiber was reduced and the undegradable fraction was linearly increased with the age of the plants